Phyllopoda
in zoölogy, an order from Maine to Greenland and Norway, The feet are never less than eight pairs, and are leafy in appearance. The first pair oar-like, the other branchial, and adapted for swimming. Carapace not always present. They undergo a metamorphosis when young, being called whatever physical education was necessary, for the Romans were essentially a practical people. In the Middle Ages The Renpractical people. In the Middle Ages any great interest in the perfecting of the body, always excepting the impetus given by chivalry to the need of training for the knight at arms. aissance renewed interest in the body:
PHYSICAL EDUCATION PHYSICAL EDUCATION and in the humanistic literature of the co-operation with the States in the paytimes there are many allusions to phy-ment of supervisors and teachers of sical education for the gentleman. But physical education." Supporters of this the training was still very largely confined to exercise in arms and horsemanship. In the eighteenth century a new conception is added by Rousseau, who in Emile (1762) urges the policy of making the child a healthy animal before starting to train his mind. In 1774 modern physical education may be said to have begun when Basedow founded his Philanthropinum at Dessau and introduced daily physical exercises for all students under the direction of a competent instructor. In the second decade of the nineteenth century Friedrich Ludwig Jahn started the popular Turnverein movement in Germany, modeling his system on that of the Greeks with the athletic spirit left out. The famous Swedish gymnastics owe much to the Lings, father and son, whose work covers the period from 1814 to 1815. In England in the nineteenth century nearly all the emphasis was laid on sports and games. bill (known as the Fess-Capper Bill) assert that careful surveys in all parts of the country prove that at least half the youngsters of America have some kind of physical defect and that all will profit inding by training in effective, body building physical activities. In our colleges and universities much attention is now being given to physical training, usually though not always to be distinguished from athletics. The pioneer in this work, Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, began at Bowdoin College in 1869 his system of measurements of students which he afterward developed at Harvard University and which has had such influence on gymnastic work in all of our institutions. Through this system he introduced corrective gymnastics which have done so much for the physical improvement of American can youth. To-day nearly every American college requires the completion of a certain amount of work in physical training for the degree; and in many institutions the work is graded as in other courses. In progressive colleges the program consists not by any means of gymnastics alone, but also of games and athletic sports. women "
In physical education," as the great authority Dr. Dudley A. Sargent, of Harvard, writes, "America has become the battle ground upon which Old World theories are being fought over again." In the early pioneer days of There is still a lack of properly this country there was little need of at- equipped teachers; but professional tention to physical education; but as training is now being given at such inthe country developed systems were in- stitutions as the Y. M. C. A. College at troduced. Thus in the thirties we find Springfield, (Mass.) and in many of the the military academies of Captain Al- universities. Many excellent den Partridge in Norwich (Vt.) and Middletown (Conn.) A little later Jahn Sargent ent's school in Cambridge. gymnastics were introduced, and then the Swedish system became popular.
Probably in the United States physical education has been more developed than in any other country, although America has originated very little in the way of physical exercises, the Indian game of lacrosse and the game known as "bean bag" of Dr. Dio Lewis being her chief contributions.
In our schools it may be said with truth that physical education is still in its infancy. The American public was aroused to the need of paying more attention to bodily exercise by reason of the large number of men examined and rejected under the draft laws during the war. The system usually followed in our schools was that of German or Swedish gymnastics without, however, either adequate equipment or expert instruction. Of late several States have passed laws providing for compulsory physical education in our schools and a bill is now before Congress "for the promotion of physical education in the United States through teachers are also being trained at Dr.
Physical education is by no means confined to colleges and schools. The public gymnasium for people of all classes is becoming more and more common; and in public playgrounds also, particularly in the larger cities, there are classes for men and women as well as for boys and girls. In the army and navy much attention is given to setting up exercises and other calisthenic work.
Much progress has been made lately in the study of theory not only, but also of practice. There is a society for the Advancement of Physical Education which holds annual meetings and which since 1885 has published annually a volume of proceedings. The American Physical Education Review (1896) is published at Springfield (Mass). Among the colleges the interests of physical education are furthered by the National Intercollegiate Athletic Association and by an association of college teachers of physical training. Physical education occupies an important place in all public health programs both State and National. With the massing of population in the cities PHYSICAL EDUCATION and the substitution of machinery for human labor it is inevitable that more attention must be paid to physical education in the future than in the past; for it is a most direct and vital contribution not only to physical but to intellectual and moral progress.
PHYSIOLOGY There is great difficulty, owing to the great number of students in the public schools and the inadequacy of the teaching force in adapting the system to the needs of the individual child, which should be done if the best results are to advantage to the bodily development of be attained. Gymnastic drills of great great a vigorous child would be found too strenuous for a weak, imperfectly developed child of the same age. As far as possible all school exercises should be out of doors and games should play an important part. Under the proper conditions rational systems of physical education, both for children and adults, will lead to a higher degree of physical perfection and an increase in health and happiness.
The study of physical exercises in connection with the anatomy and physiology of the body has shown that exercise has an important place in medicine in the restoration of health and the correction of deformities. The modern use of massage as a means by passive exercise of assisting the circulation and the nutrition of the body is closely connected with the Swedish system of physical education and has been most developed in that country. The Zander system of passive exercise by means of apparatus set in motion by power is also an outgrowth growth of the Swedish system, and has to be of much service.
Physical education has a special place as a part of military training. The oba part of military training. The object is not the development of muscular It is called also natural or mechanical strength, but rather agility, endurance philosophy . In its broadest acceptance and co-ordination. In addition marching and setting up drills, boxing, cifically it is limited to those phenomena fencing, wrestling, skating, swimming based on the molecule as a unit, whereas presented by bodies. It treats of matter,