Pittston
a city in Luzerne co., Pa., tus III. in 1458, and in the following year spirit. He was chosen to succeed Calixon the Susquehanna river, and on the assembled a congress at Mantua for the Lehigh Valley, y, the Lackawanna and purpose of arranging a crusade against Wyoming Valley, the Lackawanna and the Turks. He soon after published a Wyoming Valley, the Lackawanna and Lehigh Valley, the Lackawanna and assembled a congress at Mantua for the PIUS occasioned some dispute with Louis XI.
In 1463, by another bull, he retracted his former sentiments respecting the Council of Basel, condemning his defense of it. Among the writings of Pius II. are a "History of the Council of Basel"; "History of Frederick III."; "History of Bohemia"; "Cosmographia," etc. He died in Ancona, August, 1464.
PIUS III. (Francesco Piccolomini), nephew of the preceding pontiff. He was elected Pope in 1503, but died in less than a month afterward.
PIUS IV. (Cardinal de Medici); born in Milan, in 1499. He rose by merit to several high employments, and, in 1549, obtained the cardinalship, and, on the death of Paul IV., in 1559, was elected Pope. He confirmed the decrees of the Council of Trent, after the closing of that assembly in 1564. In the following year a conspiracy was formed against his life by Benedict Accolti and others, who were executed. This Pope was not of the celebrated Medici family of Florence. He died in 1565.
PIUS V. (Michele Ghislieri); born in Redmont in 1504, and early entered the Dominican order. He so distinguished himself by his austere life, and his zeal against heretics, that he was appointed inquisitor in Lombardy, and afterward inquisitor-general. He was created cardinal in 1557, and was chosen to succeed Pius IV. in 1566. He set himself to effect reforms, both in morals and discipline, excited terror in Italy by the seizure, imprisonment, and burning of those convicted or suspected of heresy, expelled the Jews from the States of the Church, excepting only the cities of Rome and Ancona. The great victory over the Turks at Lepanto was the result in good part of the efforts of Pius V.
Died 1572.
PIUS VI. (Giovanni Angelo Braschi); born in Cesena, in 1717, and succeeded Clement XIV. in 1775. His first act was to make a reform in the public treasury; he then completed the museum in the Vatican; but the greatest work of his pontificate was the draining of the Pontine marshes. When the Emperor Joseph II. decreed that all the religious orders in his dominions were free from papal jurisdiction, Pius went in person to Vienna in 1782, but his remonstrances were ineffectual. The French Revolution, however, was of more serious consequence to the Papal See. The Pope having favored the allies, Bonaparte entered the ecclesiastical territory, and compelled him to purchase purchase a peace by a contribution of several millions, and delivering up the finest works of painting and sculpture. Basserville was then sent as envoy from the republic to Rome, PIUS where he behaved with so much inso lence, that the people assassinated him in 1793. General Duphot entered the city with his troops to restore order, but the papal soldiers routed them, and Duphot was slain. On this Bonaparte again entered Italy, and made the Pope prisoner in the capitol, which was plundered.
The venerable erable pontiff was carried away by the victors, and hurried over the Alps to Valence, where he died Aug. 29, 1799.
PIUS VII. (Gregorio Barnaba Chiaramonti); born in Cesena, in 1742; became a Benedictine monk; was created cardinal in 1785, and after the death of Pius VI. was chosen to succeed him, March, 1800. In 1804 the Pope went to Paris and crowned Napoleon emperor, returning to Rome in May, 1805. Soon after Ancona was seized by the French, and the great quarrel between Napoleon and the Pope began. The occupation of the castle of San Angelo in 1808 was followed by the annexation of the States of the Church to the French empire.
Pius was arrested by the French officer Miollis and sent to Savona, and afterward to Fontainebleau, whence he was not permitted to return to Italy till January, 1814. The Congress of Vienna restored the States of the Church to the Pope, who applied himself thenceforth to internal reforms. He, however, reestablished the Jesuits and the inquisition. The character of Pius VII. was such as to win him the esteem and sympathy of men of all Churches and sects. He died Aug. 20, 1823.
PIUS VIII. (Cardinal Castiglione), became Pope in succession to Leo XII., in 1829. After a short pontificate of one year, he died in 1830.
PIUS IX. (Giovanni Mario Mastai Ferretti); born in Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792; was intended for the army, but resolved to devote himself to the Church. For several years attended to pastoral duties and was nominated by Pius VII. on a mission to the government of Chile. On his return to Rome he was appointed by Leo XII. to one of the most important of the ecclesiastico-civil departments of administration. In 1836 he was sent as apostolic nuncio to Naples, while the cholera was raging there, and his name is still revered by the poorer inhabitants of that city, in gratitude for his disinterested efforts to alleviate their sufferings. In 1840 he was created Cardinal- Archbishop of Imola, in the Romagna, where much political disaffection existed; He ruled this diocese with so much zeal and self-denial, and displayed such liberality of sentiment, that he soon gained the affections of the people, and restored peace and tranquility to the district.
Pope Gregory XVI. died June 1, 1846.
PIUS PIZARRO and Cardinal Ferretti was elected to the approved, and on Aug. 9, the Patriarch papacy under the name of Pius IX., was crowned at St. Peter's assuming June 16. The new Pope at first acquired the title Pius X. He was born in Italy much popularity by favoring the hopes in 1835, of peasant family. Priest, and wishes of the people for the reform 1858; bishop, 1866; cardinal, 1893. In of the abuses of the government. But 1907 in his encyclical he inveighed the French Revolution of 1848 gave against "modernism." He raised a great a much more powerful impulse to the sum of money for the victims of the enthusiasm, not only of the Italian patriots, but of the friends of liberal institutions all over Europe. These sweeping changes the Pope was not prepared to support, and from that moment his popularity began to decline. The popular disaffection was greatly increased on his taking for his minister Count Rossi, one of the most aristocratic and unpopular men in Rome. Count Rossi was assassinated Nov. 15, and Pius himself, a few days later, escaped from Rome in disguise, and arrived safely in Gaëta in the Neapolitan territory. He sent to Rome an ordonnance, 1 ov. 27, declaring void all the acts of the government, which he superseded by a state commission. This document the Roman chambers treated with contempt, appointed a provisional government, and set about improving the victory they had achieved. The Pope remained nearly a year and a half at Gaëta and Portici, an object of sympathy as the head of the Roman Catholic Church.
During his absence, Rome, which was in the possession of the native troops under Garibaldi, was besieged, and at last taken by storm by the French army under General Oudinot. The Pope left Portici, April 4, 1850, escorted by Neapolitan and French dragoons, accompanied by POPE PIUS X. the king of Naples, and re-entered earthquake in that year. In 1910 he Rome April 12, amid the thunder of issued a decree debarring the clergy French cannon. His chief ecclesiastical from engaging in the administration of acts are the formal definition of the social organizations. He died in 1914. dogma of the Immaculate Conception, PIZARRO, FRANCISCO, a Spanish in December, 1854; the famous encyclical of December, 1844, which was provoked by the Franco-Italian convention, providing for the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome-an act which was, however, practically annulled by the return of the French forces in 1867, in consequence of an attempt at invasion by Garibaldi; and the bull summoning the Ecumenical Council of 1869-1870, which promulgated the doctrine of papal infallibility. In September, 1870, the French troops were withdrawn from Rome, and in October the States of the Church were annexed to the kingdom of Italy, thus ending the temporal power of the Popes. He died Feb. 7, 1878.
PIUS X. Cardinal Giussepe Sarto, Patriarch of Venice, was chosen by the Papal Conclave to succeed Leo XIII., Aug. 4, 1903. The election was universally explorer, the conqueror of Peru; the illegitimate son of a gentleman of Truxilla, being left entirely dependent on his mother, a peasant girl, he received no education. He embarked in 1510, with some other adventurers, for America; and, in 1524, after having distinguished himself under Nuñez de Balboa on many occasions, he associated at Panama with Diego de Almagro and Hernandez Luque, a priest, in an enterprise to make fresh discoveries. In this voyage they reached the coast of Peru, but being too few to make any attempt at a settlement, Pizarro returned to Spain, where all that he gained was power from the court to prosecute his object. However, having raised some money, he was enabled again, in 1531, to visit Peru, where a civil war was then raging between Huascar, the legitimate monarch, and PIZARRO PLAICE his half-brother, Atahualpa, or Atabal- of the ovary from which the ovules ipa, as he is variously called, the reign- arise. It generally occupies the whole ing inca. Pizarro, by pretending to take or a portion of an angle of each cell. the part of the latter, was permitted to When elongated so as to constitute a litmarch into the interior, where he made tle cord it is called the umbilical cord. the unsuspecting king his prisoner, while partaking of a friendly banquet to which he had invited him and his whole court; then extorting from him, as it is said, a house full of the precious metals by way of ransom, he had him tried for a pretended conspiracy, and sondemned him to be burned, al allowing him first to be strangled, as a reward for becoming a Christian. In 1533 the conqueror laid the foundation of Lima; FRANCISCO PIZARRO but, in 1537, a contest arose between him and Almagro, who was defeated and executed. Pizarro was murdered by Almagro's followers, June 26, 1541.