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Pope (Bishop of the Christian Church)

a bishop of the Christian Church; specifically, the Bishop of Rome.

The term Papa, or Papas (father), has always been given by the Greek Church to presbyters, like the term Father now applied to a Roman priest. In the early centuries the bishops received the same title till, in a council held at Rome in 1076, at the instance of Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), it was limited to the Bishop of Rome. Holding that office, being also Metropolitan of Rome and as before. The (1409), claiming to be a General Council, deposed two rival Popes, and appointed a third; but the two former repudiated the authority of the council, and exer- Council of Constance (1414-1418) also deposed two rival Popes and elected one.

In 751 Pope Zachary being consulted as to the right of the warlike French to depose their incompetent king, Childeric, and raise Pepin, the able mayor of the palace, to the sovereignty, sanctioned the proceeding. Pepin, in return, became his friend, and handed over to the Church the Exarchate and the Pentapolis. Charlemagne, in 774, confirmed and enlarged the gift. In 1076 or 1077 the Princess Matilda, daughter of Boniface, Duke of Tuscany, made the Holy See heir to her extensive possessions.

Thus arose "the States of the Church" which figured on the map of Europe as an independent sovereignty till Sept. 20, 1870, when the troops of Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, entered Rome, nominally in the interests of order, er, and took possession of the palace for the Italian kingdom. On July 2 and 3, 1871, the seat of government was removed thither. It still continues the metropolis. No interference took place with the Pope's purely spiritual authority, but much with his temporal possessions and revenues.

A Papal Election. - When the death of the reigning Pope is imminent the Dean of the College of Cardinals summons his colleagues to the residence of the dying pontiff. Prayers Prayers are ordered in all the Roman churches. Immediately after the death of the Pope the cardinal camerlingo knocks thrice on the door of the bed chamber where the body lies. Getting no answer, he enters and with a silver mallet taps thrice on the forehead of the dead man, calling him three times by name. The announcement of the Pope's death is then publicly made and the cardinal camerlingo takes an inventory of the property in the palace and seals up the dead pontiff's papers. Nine days is the official period of mourning. On the ninth day the remains, which have been lying in state in St. Peter's, are accorded a magnificent public funeral and are placed in the temporary receiving tomb, there to remain till the next Pope dies, when they are interred in the 1 POPE St. Peter for the conclave which meets to elect a gather in the palace, and to preserve The cardinals from all over the world St. Anacletus for the conclave which meets to elect a new Pope. e, and to preserve The cardinals from all over the world gather in the palace , secrecy, the quarters occupied by them 105, are isolated, every door, window, and St. Pius I. other aperture, being walled up. After attending the mass of the Holy Ghost, the cardinals march in solemn and splenattending the mass of the Holy Ghost, the cardinals march in solemn and splendid procession to the chapel, from which at the ringing of a bell all but the cardinals are ejected. Then the great doors are locked on the outside and from that time on the conclave has no ostensible connection with the outside world. Two dumb waiters in which the food for the cardinals is delivered are the only of communication. About 10 o'clock of the second mo morning the carmeans dinals proceed to the Sistine Chapel, if the conclave is to be held in the Vatican, and the balloting begins. Three cardinals are chosen to count the ballots and three to collect the ballots of those whom sickness detains in their cells. On the upper part of the ballot each cardinal writes his own name, below it the name of his candidate, and at the bottom some verse of Scripture. The ballots are then folded and sealed, so that onl only the name of the candidate voted for is in sight.

There are three methods of election recognized by inspiration, by compromise, and by election. The first is when all the cardinals, as if moved by one spirit, proclaim one candidate as Pope unanimously and viva voce.

The second is when a committee is appointed to decide on a compromise between rival candidates. The third and usual method is when balloting is continued till some candidate is successful. It is not necessary that a cardinal or even a member of the priesthood be chosen as Pope. In fact, at least two laymen, John XIX. (1024) and Adrian V. (1276) have been elected Pope. Two ballots a day are taken till one candidate receives twothirds of all the votes. Then the successiul candidate is adorned with the pontifical robes, and the Sacred College performs the first act of homage to the new sovereign. Then the masons tear down the wall which has stopped up one of the balcony windows and the cardinal dean announces the election to the waiting multitude. Then follows various public ceremonies, and finally-most impressive and and splendid of all the coronation of the new Pope. The papal insignia are the tiara or triple crown, the straight crosier, and the pallium. The Pope should be addressed as "Your holiness."

The following is a table of the Popes, POPE pontificates. The names printed in italaccording to the Roman "Notizie," with the dates of the commencement of their ics are those of anti-Popes:

St. Peter.....A. D. 42 St. Linus.........

St. Anacletus St. Alexander I... 108 St. Sixtus I..

St. Victor I 168 St. Pius I...

St. Evaristus St. Anicetus St. Victor I..

St. Zephirinus St. Hyginus St. Urban I.

St. Pontianus St. Urban I.....

St. Eleutherius St. Sixtus II St. Stephen I St. Callixtus I.... 217 St. Dionysius St. Anterus vatianus St. Sixtus II..... 257 St. Stephen I..... 253 St. Dionysius St. Felix I.... (See vacant 3 years and 6 months.) St. Caius St. Marcellinus St. Leo II. 640 66 John IV. 640 78 Theodorus I...... 642 91 St. Martin I...... 649 100 rus; Paschal 687 St. Vitalianus 657 119 St. Sergius 672 127 John VI 139 I. 676 142 John VII. 678 157 St. Leo II. 682 168 St. Benedict II... 684 177 John V. 685 193 Conon- Theodo- 202 St. Zachary 686 St. Sergius I..... 687 223 John VI.. 701 230 John VII. 705 235 tion) 708 236 Constantine .. 708 250 St. Gregory II.... 715 St. Gregory III.. 731 252 St. Zachary 741 Stephen II (died Adrian I 259 tion) 752 269 St. Leo III 275 St. Paul I. Con- 283 St. Paschal .. 296 phylactus; Philip 757 Stephen IV. 768 311 Gregory IV 772 St. Leo III.. 795 310 Stephen V... 816 St. Paschal I. 817 311 352 824 Valentinus 827 Gregory IV 827 Sergius II..

St. Nicholas Leo IV...

Adrian II 366 John VIII 384 855 St. Nicholas I... 858 Adrian II. 867 John VIII..

Adrian III Stephen VI 417 I., or Martin II.....

Boniface VI.

Adrian III. 884 Stephen VI. 885 432 891 Boniface VI.... 896 and 6 months.) St. Melchiades or Miltiades St. Eusebius St. Melchiades or Miltiades (See vacant 3 years St. Marcus St. Julius I...... 337 Liberius : 336 352 St. Felix II. (sometimes reckoned an Anti-pope) St. Damasus I.::: 366 St. Siricius 355 384 St. Anastasius I.:: 398 St. Innocent I.... 402 St. Boniface I.- Eulalius St. Zosimus 417 418 St. Celestine I... 422 St. Sixtus III.... 432 St. Leo I. the Great 440 St. Hilary St. Simplicius St. Felix III..

St. Simplicius St. Felix III St. Symmachus St.

St. Anastasius II.. 496 Hormisdas- Lawrence Boniface II. Dios- St. Felix IV..

St. John I.. corus John II.

Stephen VII..... 896 461 897. 461 468 John IX 468 483 Benedict IV 483 John IX.... 898 Benedict IV.. 900 Leo V..... 903 498 498 903 Sergius III.. 904 514 Anastasius III... 911 523 Lando 913 Lawrence John X....

Leo VI.

Leo VI...

Stephen VIII 530 Stephen VIII..... 929 533 John XI....

John XI Leo VII.... 936 Stephen IX. 536 .... 939 John II.

I 536 or 555 Martin III..... 943 560 St. Sylverius John XII.-Leo 574 VIII 956 John III.

Benedict V.

Benedict V John XIII.. 965 590 Benedict VI...... 972 604 Donus or Domnus Benedict VI John XIV. Boni- Benedict VII.... 974 Great face VII...

John XV. (See vacant 1 year Boniface III. St. Boniface IV 615 and 7 months.) St. Sylverius Vigilius St. Agapetus I.... 535 Pelagius I....

John III.

Benedict (I.) Bo Pelagius nosusi II.

St. Gregory I. the Great St. Boniface IV...

St. Deusdedit Honorius I.

Boniface V.

Sabinianus Boniface III.

POPE Sylvester II...... 999 John XVI. or John XVII. or Sergius IV.. 1009 Benedict XI. 1303 Clement V.......1305 (Seat of the Papacy removed to Avignon) ..1305 Benedict VIII.- (See vacant 2 years Gregory VI....1012 and 3 months.) John XVIII. or XIX. ....1024 Benedict IX. (deposed) - John xx. 1033 Gregory VI. Sylvester III. ....1045 Clement II. 1046 Damasus II.

Benedict IX. attempts to resume the throne....1048 St. Leo IX.. 1049 Victor II.. 1055 Stephen X.. 1057 Benedict X. 1058 Nicholas II. 1058 Alexander II.-Honorius II......1061 Gregory VII. (Hildebrand) Clement III....1073 (See vacant 1 year.) Victor III... 1086 Urban II. 1088 Paschal II. 1099 Gelasius II. Gregory VIII.. 1118 Callixtus II... 1119 Honorius II.-Celestine II... 1124 Innocent II.-Anacletus II.; Victor IV..... 1130 Celestinus II.....1143 John XXII.

Benedict XII.- Nicholas V. at Rome 1316 1334 Clement VI...... 1342 Innocent VI. 1352 Urban V.

POPE Boniface VIII.... 1294 education was a desultory one. He picked up the rudiments of Greek and Latin from the family priest, and was successively sent to two schools, one at Twyford, the other in London. He was taken home at the age of 12. Before he was 15 he attempted an epic poem, and at the age of 16 his "Pastorals" procured him notice. In 1711 he published his poem the "Essay on Criticism," which was followed by "The Rape of the Lock," a polished and witty narrative poem founded on an incident of fashionable life. His next publications were "The Temple of Fame," a modernization and adaptation of Chaucer's "House of Fame"; "Windsor Forest," a pastoral poem (1713); and "The Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard" (1717). From 1713 to 1726 he was engaged on a poetical translation of Homer's works, the "Iliad" (completed Clement VII.... 1362 Gregory X I. (throne restored to Rome)......1370 Urban VI.... 1378 Boniface IX.

Benedict XIII. at Avignon....1389 Innocent VII... 1404 Gregory XII... 1406 Alexander V.. .1409 John XXIII......1410 Martin V.-Clem- Eugenius IV.-Fe- IF 1417 in 1720) being wholly from his pen, the "Odyssey" only half. The pecuniary re- 1431 Nicholas V.. 1447 lix V.....

Callixtus III. 1455 Pius II... 1458 Paul II... 1464 Sixtus IV. 1471 Innocent VIII.... 1484 Alexander VI.....1492 Pius III.. 1503 Julius II.. 1503 Leo X... 1513 Adrian VI. 1522 Clement VII.. 1523 Lucius II....

Eugenius III. 1144 Paul III.. 1534 .1145 Julius III.. .1550 Anastasius IV.... 1153 Marcellus II. 1555 Adrian IV. (Nicholas Breakspear, an Englishman) 1154 Alexander III.- Victor V.: Paschal III.; Callixtus III.; Inno- Paul IV.. 1555 Pius IV... .1559 St. Pius V.. 1566 Gregory XIII.. 1572 Sixtus V... 1585 Urban VII... .1590 Gregory XIV.. ..1590 cent III.......1159 Lucius III. 1181 Urban III.......1185 Gregory VIII.....1187 Clement III.

Innocent IX.. 1591 Clement VIII. 1592 Leo XI...... 1605 Paul V..... 1605 .1187 Gregory XV.. 1621 Celestinus III...1191 Urban VIII... 1623 Innocent III. .1198 Innocent Χ.... 1644 Honorius III.... 1216 Alexander VII. 1655 Gregory IX.....1227 Celestinus IV... 1241 Clement IX.. .1667 Clement Χ.. 1670 (See vacant ly. 7m.) Innocent XI. 1676 Innocent IV.. 1243 Alexander IV.....1254 Urban IV..

Clement IV......1265 (See vacant 2 years and 9 months.) Alexander VIII...1689 Innocent XII... 1691 1261 Clement XI. 1700 Innocent XIII. 1721 Benedict XIII. 1724 Clement XII.. 1730 Gregory X.. .1271 Benedict XIV.... 1740 Innocent V... .1276 Clement XIII. 1758 Adrian V.. ...1276 Clement XIV. 1769 John XIX. or XX.

Pius VI... 1775 or XXI.. .1276 Pius VII.. 1800 Nicholas III. 1277 Leo XII... .1823 Martin IV... .1281 Pius VIII.

Honorius IV... 1285 Nicholas IV.. .1288 (See vacant 2 years and 3 months.) St. Celestinus V... 1294 1829 Gregory XVI.....1831 Pius IX.. 1846 Leo XIII... ..1878 Pius X..... 1903 Benedict XV.....1914 Pius XI....1922