Psychology
the science of mental phenomena. Opinion is far from unanimous on many of the most important points of psychological doctrine, especially on such points cially on such points as involve a philomind.
Thus, in the first place, we have the view that psychology deals with the facts of the conscious knowing, feeling, or striving, is always of the conscious mind which, when ing, is always conscious of itself as knowing, feeling, or striving-i. e., is selfconscious. But it has many difficulties. We can -consciousness to the lower animals or to very young children, and yet some kind of mental life clearly belongs to them; so that it would seem that mental life and self-consciousness cannot be ness cannot be identified. Further, many Hamilton) are of opinion that there are mental phenomby self-consciousness even in mature human life.
In the second place, a materialistic view of mind is connected with the atof mind is connected with the attempt to make brain physiology play the part of a psychology . It is plain, however, that a sensation or a feeling of pleasure or pain is a fact of an entirely different order from a neural disturbance.
The one may accompany or even cause the other (or both may be only different aspects of the same ultimate existence), but the characteristic nature of the mental fact is not reached by the most thorough investigation of its physiological conditions, while the latter are in many cases much more obscure than the phenomena they are adduced to explain.
In the third place, an attempt has been made (sometimes apart from any philo- (sometimes apart from any philosophical hypothesis as to the nature of mind) to start with certain mental facts , sensations, or feelings-regarded as ultimate or independent, and to trace the laws and manner of their combination and succession.
This method has been worked with excellent result by lent result by the English Associationist a similar method, and by treating presentations as forces, Herbart and his followers have elaborated a mechanism of the mind and reduced psychology to mathematical form. The difficulty of this mode of conceiving mind is to explain how a series of sensations of presentationscan generate the consciousness of a self persisting through changing states; and even to give any meaning to sensation or presentation without regarding it as expresented to mind. On these grounds many psychologists, while influenced by the scientific method of the presentation or sensation is only conmind. So far, mind must be assumed by ceivable as belonging to a subject or the psychologist as implied in the experiment. This subject, or mind as the con- ence of which he has to trace the developence of which he has to trace the developdition of experience, dition of experience, may be admitted to observation.
Ward (1918); "Psychology of Peoples" Consult "Psychological Principles" "Psychological Principles" Le Bon (1898); "The Mind and Its Ed- Psychology" (1913-1914). ucation" Betts (1916); " Educational disease by the application of mental in-