Pumpelly
RAPHAEL, an American geologist; born in Owego, N. Y., Sept. 8, 1837. In his early life he conducted explorations for the governments of Japan and China; was professor at Harvard for several years; and from 1879 to 1892 geologist in charge of the Archæan division of the United States Geological Survey. His chief works are: "Geological Researches in China, Mongolia, and Japan" (1867): "Across America and Asia" (1870); "Mineral Industries of the United States” (1886); "Geology of the Green Mountains" (1894); "Explorations in Central Asia" (1905), etc. His "Reminiscences" appeared in 1918. peasants. bread, made from unbolted rye, which PUPIN