Rambaud
ALFRED NICOLAS, a French historian; born in Besançon, Doubs, France, July 2, 1842. Of his works the most important is the "History of French Civilization " (3 vols. 1885), which is used as a textbook in nearly all universities.
His other publications include: "French Domination in Germany, many, 1792-1804" (1874) "Germany and the Russians," etc., (1877) "His- Under Napoleon I." (1874) "The French tory of Russia" (1878) "History of Civ- (1887). He died Nov. 10, 1905.
VIVONNE, MARQUISE DE, a French