Roach
a fish of the family Cyprinidæ, abundant in England, the S. of Scotland, and many countries of Europe. zal, as his brother's friendship for a It measures from 10 to 15 inches; the revolutionist priest ily name, Mercado, into great disfavor revolutionist priest had brought the famhad brought the famwith the Spaniards. In Manila José soon learned of the reproach attached to his Tagal origin. He was denied the honors due him as head of his class, and met with derision and hatred from the Spanish students. In many ways his prejudices against the Spanish were roused. Though he had been destined for the Church, he studied for and took his medical degree at Manila. Then he went to Paris, Heidelberg, Leipsic, and in all these cities he continued his medical studies. At the same time he developed his interest in social and political problems. He learned that Europe was almost ignorant of the Philippines, so he wrote a novel, portraying his birthland, which was published in Berlin in 1887. This book was forbidden by the Church.
He wrote a sequel to it which was published at Ghent in 1891. His portrait-bust of the Filipino-Creole, Dr.
T. H. Pardo, was exhibited in the Salon.
In 1887 Rizal went to Hong Kong where he organized the famous Liga Filipino, or Philippine League, which was the source of the "Revolutionary Society of the Sons of the Nation." During several years of travel he constantly agitated Filipino revolt, and then in May, 1892, returned to Manila. He was arrested and exiled to Dapitan. In 1895 he was permitted to return to Luzon. He was, however, arrested at Barcelona and transshipped to Manila, tried and condemned to death. His last wishes, that he might be united by civil marriage with Miss Josephine Bracken, whom he first met in Hong K Kong, and the other, that he should be shot through the breast, were granted. He was shot by a picket of native soldiers, Dec. 30, 1896, and his last words were, "Consummatum est!" ance, the back is a dull green, the lower body generally has a silvery appeara par fins are red, and there are no barbels. appliances used in the preparation and ROAD AND STREET MACHINERY, preservation of roads are of various types and may be classified as under: this work are of the ordinary pattern Plows and Scrapers. - Plows used in and call for Scrapers usually consist of a steel blade, no detailed description . mounted between two wheels, and so contrived that its cutting depth and inclination are capable of adjustment. A special type of plow is known as a . earth and loosens it, and then lifts it
This machine cuts into the to the roadway. on to a moving belt which conveys it Stone Crushers are described in detail under "Grinding, Crushing and Pulverizing Machinery." They are used in reducing large stones to a size suitable either for surfacing macadam roads, or for mixing with cement in the preparation of concrete.
Rollers, although now very familiar, first road roller being constructed in are of comparatively recent origin, the 1787 in France. Their obvious use is to compress the road-bed and upper layers, in order to produce a hard, durable and smooth surface. Steam rollers are commonly seen in the United States, but motor driven and horse drawn rollers are also used. Steam rollers may weigh as much as 20 tons, but the lighter horsedrawn machines sometimes do not exceed 2 tons.
Spreaders consist of a container, in which the load of stones is carried, and which can be tilted to any desired angle.
In In this way the quantity of stone on to the road may be adjusted. Behind the container is a drag ROADS with a movable scraper, by means of which the depth of stones may be regulated.
Sprinklers are used for spreading water, oils and various tarry preparations on the surface of roads, in order to lay dust and produce a more even and less easily pulverized surface. They consist of a tank, mounted on wheels, carrying a perforated pipe behind. Modern sprinklers are sometimes fitted with steam boilers for heating the liquid, and with air compressors, by means of which the material may be forced through nozzles in a spray. ing streets, Sweepers and Scrapers, used in cleanstreets, are of various types. The sweepers usually consist of a cylindrical brush, which revolves as the framework on which it is mounted is hauled along.
More elaborate machines pick up the dirt as it is swept by the brush, some by means of a conveyor, others by means of a suction device, similar to the wellknown vacuum cleaner. Most of these machines are horse drawn, but motor vehicles are also in use. Scrapers may consist of a row of curved blades attached to movable rods which enable the blades to yield to irregularities in the surface of the road. Small, manual types are familiar, as well as larger horse-drawn machines.
Scarifiers are used in loosening the surface of macadam roads, when under repair. They are of various patterns, but consist essentially of metal spikes which scrape or drill into the road to a depth sufficient to loosen the surface.
The spikes are sometimes fixed to the front of steam rollers.