Rum
a mountainous island of Argyllshire, Scotland, belonging to the group of the Inner Hebrides, 15 miles N. by W. of Ardnamurchan Point. It is 8½ miles long, 8 miles broad, and 42 square miles in area, only 300 acres being arable, and the rest deer forest and moorland. The surface presents a mass of high sharppeaked mountains, rising in Halival and Haskeval to the height of 2,368 and 2,659 feet. In 1826 the crofters, numbering fully 400, were, all but one family, cleared off to America, and Rum was converted into a single sheep farm; but in 1845 it was sold (as again in 1888) for a deer forest. a RUMANIA, European kingdom.
The total area in 1920 was 122,282 square miles, as against 53,489 square miles prior to the World War. The territory added following the war included Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, Crisana, Maramuresh, and a part of Banat. Old Rumania included the principalities of RUMANIA total population in 1920 was about 17,- 400,000. The capital is Bucharest, with a population of about 300,000. Other imince of Dobrudja on the Black Sea. The total population in 1920 was about 17,- 400,000. The capital is Bucharest, with a population of about 300,000. Other imoccupied by undulating and well-watered plains of great fertility, gradually slopand Giurgevo. Topography. The surface is mainly occupied by undulating and well-watered and W. borders, where the summits range from 2,650 to 8,800 feet above sea-level. ing upward to the Carpathians on the N. and W. borders, where the summits range from 2,650 to 8,800 feet above sea-level.
The entire kingdom is in the basin of the Danube, which has a course of 595 miles in Rumania, forming the boundary with Bulgaria nearly the whole way. Its chief Rumanian tributaries are the Olta or Pruth (on N. W. border). The Danube forms a number of marshy lakes as it approaches the alluvial region of the Doforms a number of marshy lakes as it brudja, through which it discharges itself into the Black Sea by the St. George, is much more extreme than at the same latitude in other parts of Europe; the summer is hot and rainless, the winter sudden and very intense; there is almost no spring, but the autumn is long and pleasant. Rumania is an essentially ag- ricultural and pastoral state, fully 70 per cent. of the inhabitants being directly engaged in husbandry. The chief cereal crops are maize, wheat, barley, rye, and oats; tobacco, hemp, and flax are also grown; and wine is produced on the hills at the foot of the Carpathians. Cattle, sheep, and horses are reared in large numbers. Excellent timber abounds on boars, large and small game, and fish are plentiful. The country is rich in minerals of nearly every description, but salt, petroleum, and lignite are the chief minerals worked. Manufactures are still in a rudimentary state.
Production and Commerce. - Trade is fairly active, but is almost entirely in the hands of foreigners; the internal trade is chiefly carried on by Jews, whose numbers and prosperity are constant sources of anxiety to Rumanian statesmen, and who are in consequence subject to certain (especially maize), cattle, timber, and fruit; the chief imports, manufactured goods, coal, etc. Before the World War Germany, Great Britain, and Austria- Hungary appropriated by by far the greatest share of the foreign trade, the bulk of which passes through the Black Sea ports.
The chief agricultural crops in 1919 were as follows: wheat 1,320,000 tons, rye 87,000 tons, barley 257,000 tons, oats 207,000 tons. The acreage under forests amounted to about 18,750,000. In the year 1915 the tables, textiles and manufactures, wool, hair and manufactures, vegetable seed, imports amounted to £13,185,821, and the exports to £22,581,469. The chief imports stuffs. The output of petroleum has rapidly increased in recent years. In tables, textiles and manufactures, wool, hair and manufactures, vegetable seed, petroleum, beans, oil, seeds, and foodetc. The principal exports were grain, stuffs. The output of petroleum has rapidly increased in recent years. 1919 it reached over 44,000 tons. Other minerals worked to some extent are copper, iron manganese, and salt. Sugar is grown on an extensive scale and tobacco is produced in important quantities.
In about People. The Rumanians, who call themselves Romani, claim to be descendants of Roman colonists introduced by race with many constituents. Their lan- Trajan; but the traces of Latin descent gration, about the 12th century, from the Alpine districts. Their language and hisrace with many constituents. Their lantory both indicate that they are a mixed guage, however, must be classed as one of the Romance tongues, though it contains a large admixture of foreign elements. In Rumania there 4,700,000 Rumanians; 834,000 Jews and lation are peasants, who till 1864 were kept in virtual serfdom by the boiars or Germans, Greeks and Armenians in the order named. Three-fourths of the population are peasants, who till 1864 were kept in virtual serfdom by the boiars or nobles. In that year upward of 400,000 peasant families were made proprietors a price to be paid back to the State in 15 of small holdings averaging 10 acres, at years. In 1918, 91,695,714 inhabitants belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church. are Education. - Education is compulsory and is improving from year to year, although there is still much to be desired. There were in 1918-19 5,764 elementary schools, with 11,088 teachers and 692,896 pupils. There are also a number of secschools. There are two universities at ondary schools, normal schools, and high Kolozsvar, founded in 1919, and one in Cernauti, founded in 1920.
Transportation. There are about 7,240 miles of railway, all of which are under the direction of the State. The railway system was partly disorganized as a re- sult of the military campaigns, but has been extensively repaired. The merchant marine of Rumania in 1919 consisted of 158 vessels of 71.158 tons.
Army and Navy. - Military service is compulsory and universal from the ages of 21 to 46. In 1920 the approximate strength of the army was 250,000, organized in five army corps and seven army groups. The navy consists of a protective cruiser, a training ship, and a num- Finances. For the year 1916-1917 the ber of gunboats, coast guard vessels, etc. ۱ RUMANIA revenue and expenditure balanced at $124,624,000. The public debt on June 30, 1918, was about $1,025,000,000.
Government. A constituent Assembly elected in May and June, 1920, unified the different constitutions of old Rumania, Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transylvania.
There is a legislature of two houses. The Senate consisted in 1920 of 170 members and the Chamber of Deputies of 347 members. All citizens of over 21 years of age paying taxes are electors. The executive is vested in a Council of Ministers. History. The country that is now Rumania was anciently part of Dacia, which was conquered by Trajan and made a Roman province in A. D. 106, a great many Roman colonists being then settled in it. In the 3d century it was overrun by the Goths, and subsequently by the Huns, Bulgars, Avars, and Slavs, all of whom have left more or less distinct traces on the land and people. At the beginning of the 9th century Rumania formed part of the great Bulgarian kingdom, after the fall of which in 1019 it nominally belonged to the Eastern Roman empire, though soon taken possession of Turkish tribes. Wallachia and Moldavia were long divided. About 1241 Radu Negru, "Duke" of Fogeras, is said to have founded a voivodeship in Wallachia, which finally fell under Turkish supremacy after the battle of Mohacs in 1526. The boiars retained the nominal right of electing the voivodes till 1726; but thenceforward the Sultan openly sold the office to the highest bidders, who, without security of tenure, mercilessly plundered the unfortunate province so long as their power lasted. In Moldavia, Dragosh or Bogdan, about 1354, founded a kingdom, much as Radu had done in Wallachia, and it, too, fell under the overlordship of the Porte after the death of the voivode, Stephan the Great, in 1504.
The Turks subsequently introduced the same custom of selling the hospodarship or voivodeship. In both provinces the government was most frequently purchased by Phanariotes, Greek inhabitants of the Phanar district of Constantinople. The successive wars between Russia and Turkey, the first of which began in 1768, were on the whole beneficial to Rumania, for the Russians gradually established a kind of protectorate over their fellow- Christians on the Danube. The treaty of Paris in 1856, after the Crimean War, confirmed the suzerainty of the Porte, but preserved the rights and privileges of the Danubian principalities, and added to them a part of Bessarabia. In 1858 the two provinces, each electing John Couza as its hospodar, were united by a personal union which in 1861 was formally converted into a real and national RUMFORD union. Couza, who assumed the title of Prince Alexander John I. in 1860, was forced by a revolution to abdicate the throne in 1866, and Prince Charles of Hohenzollern - Sigmaringen was elected to reign in his place. In the Russo- Turkish War of 1877-1878 Rumania sided with Russia and proclaimed its independence of Turkey. This claim was recognized by the treaty of Berlin in 1878, but Rumania was compelled to retrocede to Russia the part of Bessarabia which it acquired at the close of the Crimean War, and to receive the Dobrudja in exchange. In 1881 the principality declared itself a kingdom. When the Balkan War (q. v.) broke out in 1912, Rumania was at first neutral, but joined with Serbia and Greece in the second Balkan War against Bulgaria and as a result was awarded a part of the Dobrudja. King Charles died in 1914 and was succeeded to the throne by Crown Prince Ferdinand.
Rumania was neutral in the World War until 1916 when she joined the Allies. At first success rewarded her arms, but owing largely to the failure of Russia to render promised help, her resistance crumbled under the swift invasion of powerful German armies. By the Peace Treaty of May, 1918, Bulgaria received that part of the Dobrudja awarded to Rumania in 1913, Germany obtained concessions in petroleum, salt, etc., and Austria obtained mountain-passes, and mineral rights. (By the Peace of Versailles in 1919, all these concessions forced from Rumania were abolished.) In 1918 Bessarabia, after being ravaged by the Bol sheviki, voted almost unanimously on April 9, 1918, for union with Rumania.