Ruskin
JOHN, an English author; born in London, Feb. 8, 1819. He studied at Christ Church, Oxford; gained the Newdigate prize in 1839, and graduated diraduated lecturer at Cambridge, and in 1870-1872, in 1842. In 1867 he was appointed Rede 1876-1878, 1883-1885, he was Slade Professor of Fine Arts at Oxford, where in 1871 he gave $25,000 for the endowment of a university teacher of drawing. In "Modern Painters" he advocated a complete revolution in the received conventions of art and art criticism. Ruskin was the first art critic to place criticism upon a scientific basis. In 1851 he appeared as a defender of pre-Raphaelitism. About 1860 he began to write as a political economist and social reformer; his chief works in this sphere being "Unto this Last" (1862); "Munera Pulveris" (1872); and "Fors Clavigera" (1871- 1884), a periodical series of letters to the working men and laborers of Great Britain. In this connection he founded in 1871, "The Guild of St. George"; founded a linen industry at Keswick, and revived, in Langdale, hand-loom weaving. His chief works, apart from pamphlets and contributions to periodicals, are: "Modern Painters" (1843-1860); "Seven Lamps of Architecture"; "Poems" (1850); "King of the Golden River" (1851), a fairy legend; "The Stones of Venice" (1851-1853); companying "Giotto and his Works at Padua" (1854); " Lectures on Architecture and Painting" (1855-1859 and 1875) ; the letterpress ac- (1854) ; "Notes on the Royal Academy" companying "Turner's Harbors of England" (1856); ; "Notes on the Turner Gallery at Marlborough House" (1857); "Catalogue of Turner's Sketches at the National Gallery" (1857); "Elements of Drawing" (1857); "Political Economy of Art" (1857), better known as "A Joy Forever"; "Sesame and Lilies" (1865) of the Dust" (1866); "Crown of Wild Olive" (1866); "Lectures on Art" (1870); "Aratra Pentelici" (1872); "Love's Meinie" (1873); "Val d'Arno" (1874); "Proserpina" (1875); "Deucalion" (1875); "Mornings in Florence" (1875); "Frondes Agrestes" (1875-1876); "Elements of English Prosody" (1880); "Fiction, Fair and Foul, in the 19th_Century" (1880-1881); “Our Fathers Have Told Us" (1881); "Lectures on the Art of England" (1883); "On the Pleasures RUSSELL of England" (1884); "Hortus Inclusus" (1887), a selection of letters; and "Præterita," an autobiography (1885-1889). After 1885 he lived at Brantwood, on Coniston Lake, where he died Jan. 20, 1900.