Saint Bernard
a city of Ohio in Norfolk and Western railroads, and on Hamilton co. It is on the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis, and the the Miami and Erie Canal. It is a suburb of Cincinnati. Its chief industries are soap factories and fertilizer plants. Pop. (1910) 5,002; (1920) 6,312.
ST. BERNARD, the name of two mountain passes in the Alps. (1) GREAT ST. BERNARD is on the road between Aosta ST. BERNARD, the name of two in Piedmont and Martigny in the Swiss canton of Valais, and is 8,120 feet above sea-level. Almost on its crest stands the celebrated hospice founded in 962 by Bercanton of Valais, and is 8,120 feet above sea-level. Almost on its crest stands the celebrated hospice founded in 962 by Ber- nard de Menthon, a neighboring nobleman, for the benefit of pilgrims journey- ST. BERNARD ing to Rome. It now affords sleeping accommodations for 80 travelers, and can give shelter to about 300 in all. The hospice is connected with a station in the valley below, from which the monks above are warned by telephone when travelers are on their way up the mountain. The keepers of the hospice are a dozen or so of Augustinian monks, all young and strong; their work is, with the aid of large dogs, to rescue travelers who are in danger of perishing from the snow and cold. But the dogs they use are no longer the famous St. Bernard breed, but Newfoundlands. In 1889 a botanical garden, chiefly for Alpine plants, was laid out in the Entremontthal, on the N. slope of the pass. Diggings in 1890 revealed the foundation of a small Roman temple of imperial times near the summit of the pass, with a few bronzes and other antiques. (2) LITTLE ST. BERNARD, S. W. of the above in the Graian Alps, connects the valley of Aosta with that of Tarantaise in Savoy. By this pass Hannibal is believed to have led his forces into Italy. It, too, has a hospice, 7,143 feet above the sea.
ST. BERNARD, a breed of dogs which derives its name from the hospice of St.
Bernard, where it was first introduced for the purpose of finding the pass across the mountain in snow.
The St. Bernard, according to the traditions of the monastery, is the result of a cross between a Danish bull-bitch and a mastiff, a native hill dog, though at what time effected it is impossible to say.
After the breed was once established it was kept pure till 1812. About 1860 these dogs first attracted the attention of English travelers, who imported them to Great Britain, where they were exhibited and at once excited much notice on account of their size and beauty. Others were introduced, and the St. Bernard was soon established as the most popular big dog, a popularity which has gone on increasing. The St. Bernard, as bred to modern English ideas, is an immense red or orange colored dog, marked with white on muzzle, neck, chest, feet, and tip of tail.
ST. CATHARINES, a city and capital of Lincoln co., Ont., Canada; on the Welland canal, and the Welland, the Niagara Central, and the Grand Trunk railroads; 12 miles N. W. of Niagara Falls. Here are a Collegiate Institute, Bishop Ridley College, a convent, numerous churches, General and Marine Hospitals, waterworks, gas and electric lights, celebrated mineral springs, several branch banks, and a number of daily and weekly newspapers. St. Catharines is the center of the fruit trade of Ontario. It has numer- ST. CLAIR ous canning factories, flour mills, machine shops, planing mills, breweries, woolen mills, wheel works, tanneries, hair cloth factories, etc. Pop. about 20,000.