Saint Joseph
a city of Michigan in Berrien co. It is at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, on Lake Michigan and on the Père Marquette, the Michigan Central, and the Interurban railroads. It tarquette, is connected with Chicago by steamboat lines. Its favorable location makes it a favorite summer resort. It has an excellent beach, a public library, and a park. Its industries include the manufacture of iron, paper, boats, engines, automobile ST. JOSEPH ST. LAWRENCE tubes, flour, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,936; northwestern Ohio and northeastern In- (1920) 7,251.
ST. JOSEPH, a city and county-seat of Buchanan co., Mo.; on the Missouri Missouri river, and on the Burlington Route, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, the Chicago Great Western, the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, the St. Joseph and Grand Island, and the Kansas City, Clay County and St. Joseph railroads; 60 miles N. W. of Kansas City. It is the third city in the State in population and is one of the wealthiest cities of its size in the United States.
Business Interests. - St. Joseph has upward of 300 manufacturing establishments. The chief manufactures are clothing, shirts, overalls, flour, and grist mill products, boots and shoes, furniture, machinery, packed meat, and woolen blankets. The city is the trade center of a large and rich agricultural region, with which it has a large jobbing trade. It is also an important shipping point for cattle, hogs, and grain, and one of the greatest live stock markets in the country. There are several National and private banks, and numerous daily, weekly, and monthly periodicals. The assessed property valuation exceeds $50,000,000, and the total bonded debt is about $600,000.
Public Interests. The city has an area of 13.87 square miles. The sewer system covers the entire city, and the streets are lighted by electricity. There is a public school enrollment of over 12,000 pupils.
Here are the Ensworth and Central Medical Colleges, College of St. Joseph (nonsect.), Academy of the Sacred Heart (R. C.), the State Lunatic Asylum, St. Joseph's Hospital, Ensworth Hospital, public library, waterworks, and street railroads.
History. The city was established by Joseph Robidoux in 1843; incorporated as a town in 1845; and chartered as a city in 1885. After the discovery of gold in California it became prominent as the starting-point for mining parties on their way across the prairies. During the Civil War it was fortified by the Federals.
Pop. (1910) 77,403; (1920) 77,939.
ST. JOSEPH, a river in Michigan whose course is in Hillsdale co., and which flows into Lake Michigan at St.
Joseph. Its course is very winding and nearly W. and N., curving through Elkhart co., Ind., and an touching South Ben Bend, and a few miles below that city returning to Michigan, and then flowing N. through Berrien co. It is navigable to South Bend and is 250 miles long. Another river of the same name is in southern Michigan and passes across a part of diana, uniting at Fort Wayne with St.
Mary's river and so forming the Maumee.
Its length is about 100 miles.
ST. JOSEPH ISLAND, an island in the outlet of Lake Superior into Lake Huron. It belongs to Ontario, Canada, is 20 miles long, 15 miles wide.
SAINT - JUST, ANTOINE LOUIS LEON FLORELLE DE, a French revolutionist; born in 1767. He adopted with enthusiasm the principles of the Revolution, became the right hand of Robespierre, and was one of the most energetic ANTOINE L. L. F. DE SAINT-JUST and resolute members of the Mountain party. He was an effective speaker, but unscrupulous and uncompromising. The guillotine was his general answer to all arguments and actions which did not harmonize with his own. He fell with Robespierre through the events of the 9th Thermidor (July 27, 1794), and perished on the same scaffold with him on the following day, July 28, 1794. ST. LAWRENCE, a river of North America, forming in its upper reaches part art of the N. boundary of the United States, but for the most part confined to the Canadian Dominion. It issues from Lake Ontario at Kingston, where the name begins to be applied to the river, though the remotest source of the highest feeder of its basin, the St. Louis, which enters the W. end of Lake Superior, is in the N. E. of Minnesota. Passing ST. LAWRENCE CAPE through the chain of Great Lakes on leaving Lake Ontario, it flows N. E., first through the beautiful district known as the Thousand Isles, from the number of islands large and small (in all about 1,- 500), which here vary its course, and then forms the wide expanses called Lakes St.
Francis (just after quitting the United States boundary), St. Louis (just above Montreal Island), and St. Peter (a little above Three Rivers, between Montreal and Quebec). Below Quebec it forms a broad estuary, and it enters the Gulf of St.
Lawrence by a mouth 26 miles wide, between Point des Monts (Saguenay) and the Gaspé Peninsula. Length from Lake Ontario to the Gulf 760 miles, to the W. point of Anticosti 1,034 miles. The height of Lake Ontario above sea-level is 246.6 feet of which the river descends 206.75 feet in the 348 miles above Montreal. Below Montreal accordingly, the total fall is about 40 feet, or about 1 foot in 10 miles, a rate presenting no difficulty for navigation; and since the construction of a ship canal, 27½ feet deep, through Lake St. Peter, the largest merchant vessels afloat have been able to reach that city in summer. In the stretches above Montreal the fall of the river-bed takes place in a succession of rapids, to avoid which canals have been constructed.
These are in the ascending order the Lachine Canal, 8½ miles long, with 5 locks, and a rise of 45 feet; Beauharnois Canal, 114 miles long, with 9 locks, and a rise of 822 feet; Cornwall Canal, 11 miles long, with 6 locks, and a rise of 48 feet; Farran's Point Canal, 3/4 miles long, with 1 lock, and a rise of 4 feet; Rapide Plat, 4 miles long, with 2 locks, and a rise of 112 feet; and Galops Canal, 75% miles long, with 3 locks, and a rise of 15% feet. The basin of the St.
Lawrence is estimated to contain 297,000 square miles, of which 95,000 are covered with the waters of the Great Lakes.
ST. LAWRENCE, CAPE, the N. projection of Cape Breton Island which is a part of the province of Nova Scotia. It is about 100 miles long.
ST. LAWRENCE, GULF OF. See GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE.
ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND, an island in Bering Sea which belongs to Alaska.
It is inhabited by Eskimo. It is 100 miles long, 35 miles wide, and its altitude is 492 feet.
ST. LAWRENCE UNIVERSITY, a coeducational institution in Canton, N. Y.; founded in 1858 under the auspices of the Universalist Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 58; students, 645; president, R. E. Sykes, ST. LOUIS ST. LOUIS, a port of entry, and chief city of Missouri; on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, 20 miles S. of the mouth of the Missouri. It is the sixth city in the United States in population, and the commercial metropolis of the Mississippi valley. The city is built on rising ground, comprising three terraces, the highest of which is 200 feet above the level of the river; area, 61 square miles; pop. (1910) 687,029; (1920) 772,897.
Municipal Improvements. The city owns an extensive waterworks system, with an average daily consumption of 101,810,000 gallons, erected at a cost of $33,000,000. The water is distributed through through 1,040 miles of mains. There are in all 1,048 miles of streets, of which 947 miles are paved. The streets are lighted by gas and electricity at an annual cost of about $600,000. The average cost of the police department exceeds $2,411,000 per annum, and that of the fire department $1,308,300. The annual cost of maintaining the city government is about $17,900,000. The annual death rate averages 16.76 per 1,000. Public Parks. - St. Louis has a park system which constitutes one of its most attractive features. There are 70 parks and playgrounds, 100 municipal baseball grounds and soccer fields, 26 public playgrounds for children, 2 public golf links, 2 outdoor swimming pools (one being the largest of its kind in the world), a municipal open-air theater seating 9,300, summer free band concerts attended by an average of 460,000 each summer, and an annual playground festival.
Notable Buildings. The principal public buildings are the massive post-office and custom-house costing more than $6,500,000; the city hall, built at a cost of $2,000,000; the court house; the union railroad station; Railway Exchange; Boatmen's Bank; Central National Bank; Century; Chemical; Federal Reserve; International Life; Merchants' National Bank; Merchants' Exchange; Syndicate Trust; Title Guaranty.
The Eads bridge, a massive structure, was completed in 1874, at a cost of over $10,000,000. It consists of three spans, the center one being 520 feet long, and the other two 502 feet each. The piers upon which these spans rest are built of limestone carried down to bed rock. The main passage, for the accommodation of pedestrians, is 54 feet wide, and below this are two lines of rail. The merchant's bridge, 3 miles N., was completed in 1890, at a cost of $3,000,000. The latter is used exclusively for railroad traffic. A municipal free bridge, costing $6,250,000, spans the river.
Trade and Manufactures. The favorable location of St. Louis in the heart of ST. LOUIS the vast and fertile Mississippi valley makes it one of the greatest commercial cities in the United States. There is an immense trade in breadstuffs, grain, provisions, lumber, hides, agricultural products, hardware, boots and shoes, tobacco and cigars, quarries, steel castings, drugs and chemicals, dry goods, electrical products, soap and candles, wooden-ware, etc. The automobile industry is of great importance.
Commerce. The city has direct communication with more than 6,000 miles of rivers. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the imports of merchandise aggregated in value $18,638,711. Banks. On Sept. 1, 1, 1919, there were 6 National banks in operation, besides many private banks and trust companies.
The total resources of the banks in 1920 were $659,220,721, with $463,944,744 in deposits. The exchanges at the United States clearing-house in the year ending Sept. 30, 1920, aggregated $8,065,368.
Education. The St. Louis public school system is recognized by educators as one of the most complete in the United States.
It has 124 public grade and high schools for white and negro pupils. The grade schools include one school for the deaf, one for dependent and delinquent children, 13 for backward pupils and two open-air schools for children tubercularly inclined. A system of parochial grade and high schools is maintained by Catholic institutions for Catholic children. St. Louis has St. Louis University, and Washington University, with its celebrated school for girls-Mary Institute. St.
Louis University is the oldest Catholic university in the West. The Medical Department of Washington University, which is operated in connection with Barnes Hospital, constitutes the most extensive medical institution in America. Many other hospitals with most modern equipment give St. Louis one of the best hospital systems in the country. The City Hospital is recognized as among the most complete municipal institutions in the West. The Ranken School of Mechanical Trades is one of the most completely equipped mechanical trade schools for boys and men in the United States.
Hosmer Hall, Lenox Hall, Forest Park College, Mary Institute are among the other educational institutions.
Churches. One of the finest groups of representative architecture in the city is at Kings Highway and Washington avenue, where the four corners are occupied by magnificent churches-Temple Israel (Jewish synagogue); First Church of Christ, Scientist; St. John's Methodist Episcopal, South; and Second Baptist.
The new cathedral is the seat of the Catholic Church in St. Louis. The struc- ST. LOUIS ture cost $3,250,000, the main altars $100,000, and the organ $50,000. The old cathedral occupies the site of the first church built in St. Louis, shortly after the landing of Laclede in 1764. Pope Gregory conferred favors on this old cathedral which no other church in the world has except the Basilicas in Rome.
Christ Church Cathedral, the mother church of the Episcopal Diocese of Missouri, is the first Protestant church founded west of the Mississippi river.
The Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association maintain commodious central buildings and branches in various sections of the city.
Finances. In 1919 the total bonded debt of the city was $13,999,706. The assessed property valuation in 1919 was $765,722,620; tax rate $23.50 per $1,000.
History. On Feb. 14, 1764, while what is now Missouri was a part of Upper Louisiana, Auguste Chouteau, a young trader, with about 30 men, arrived at the site of the city to establish a permanent post. The spot had been selected the previous year by Laclede. France had ceded the whole of Louisiana Territory to Spain in 1762. Spain ceded it back in 1800, and in 1803 France sold it to the United States. In 1896 the city was swept by destructive tornado that overthrew many buildings, destroyed shipping, and tore out a shore span of the great bridge.
Several hundred lives were lost and many rendered homeless. Tower Grove Park and Shaw's Gardens were greatly injured. In 1904, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at St. Louis. The attendance was 19, as compared with Chicago 28 (1893), and Paris 50 millions (1900). a ST. LOUIS, the capital of the French colony of Senegal in West Africa, on a small low island near the mouth of the Senegal river. Bridges connect it with N'dar Toute, a summer watering-place, on the right bank, and with the suburb of Bouetville, the terminus of the railway, on the left bank. The mouth of the river is rendered dangerous by a shifting bar of sand. The great ocean steamers land goods and passengers at Dakar, on Cape Verde, 163 miles to the S. W., and thence they are conveyed by rail. The climate is not healthy; water is supplied by an aqueduct 7½ miles long. There are a cathedral, governor's palace, etc., and a public garden. Pop. about 25,000.
ST. LOUIS, a river in Minnesota which rises in St. Louis co. in the N. W. part of the State. Its course is S. and S. E.; it flows into the W. extremity of Lake Superior, 9 miles from Duluth, and is about 200 miles long.
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY, Roman Catholic institution for higher education, founded at St. Louis, Mo., in 1832. It includes professional schools and a college of liberal arts. In 1919 there were 1,945 students and 245 instructors. President, Rev. B. J. Otting. ST. LUCIA, the largest of the Windward Islands, in the West Indies, 42 miles long and 15 to 20 wide; area, 233 square miles; pop. (1918) 53,788. The exports (sugar, cocoa, logwood, etc.) in 1918 were valued at $362,785; imports at £368,123.
Much of the island is high and rocky land, covered with well-nigh impenetrable forests, and it contains extensive deposits of sulphur. The climate is in the main healthy, a fresh trade wind blowing almost continually. The island, discovered in 1502, was colonized by the French in 1563; but between that date and 1803, when it definitively became an English possession, it five or six times changed hands between France and England, by capture or treaty. The capital is Castries.
Caribbee bark is sometimes called St.
Lucia bark.
ST. LUCIA BAY, a bay in South Africa, an indenture of the Indian Ocean at the mouth of the Umbolozi river in Zululand. The bay is S. of St. Lucia Lake. The Germans claimed it in 1884, but the British gained final possession in 1885.
ST. LUCIA LAKE, a lake which is really a lagoon in Zululand, South Africa, on the E. coast. It is united with the Indian Ocean by St. Lucia Bay; is 60 miles long, and varies in breadth from 10 to 25 miles.
ST. LUKE. See LUKE.
ST. MALO, a seaport in France, department of Ille-et-Vilaine, on an island at the mouth of the Rance river. It is a watering-place and has important commercial interests; is strongly fortified; has extensive docks and quays, notable ramparts, a castle, and parish church (formerly a cathedral); and is noted for the height of the tides (40 to 50 feet).
It was the birthplace of Cartier, Mahé de la Bourdonnais, Lamettrie, Maupertuis, Lamennais, and Châteaubriand. The destruction of the town was attempted by the English in 1693, 1695, and 1758. Pop. about 12,000.
ST. MARK. See MARK.
ST. MARTIN, one of the Lesser Antilles, W. I. Since 1648 it has been divided between France and the Netherlands. It exports sugar, cotton, tobacco, maize, etc., and large quantities of salt.
The French portion, a dependency of ST. MARY'S RIVER Guadeloupe, has an area of 20 square miles and a population of 4,500. The Dutch portion, a dependency of Curaçao, has an area of 17 square miles and a pop. (1919) 2,552.
ST. MARY BAY, an indenture of the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. coast of the peninsula of Avalon, Newfoundland. Also an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean on the W. coast of Nova Scotia.
ST. MARY ISLAND, an island of western Africa, Africa, belonging to the British colony of Gambia, at the N. of the Gambia river. Also the largest of the Scilly Islands, S. W. of Cornwall, England.