Sanders
LIMAN VON (LIMAN PASHA), a German general, sent to Turkey in 1913 as the head of a mission to reorganize the Turkish Army on a modern Prussian basis, the Turks having just been badly beaten by the Bulgarians, Greeks and Serbians in the Balkan War.
In his task, General Von Sanders was assisted by General Von der Goltz. In May, 1914, Von Sanders issued sealed orders for the mobilization of the Turkish reserves and had them distributed the mayors of all communities throughout the empire. According to instructions these orders were opened on Aug. 3, 1914, with the result that the Turkish Army automatically put itself on a war footing regardless of the situation in Constantinople. Von Sanders had command of the defense of the Dardanelles, and during the heavy fighting established his headquarters in Gallipoli. In August, 1915, he took command of the Turkish armies on the Caucasus front. When the war was ended he was arrested by the Allies in Constantinople, but early in 1919 was allowed to return to Germany.