Schools
MEDICAL INSPECTION OF, a function which has been taken up by municipal and state governments only within recent years. As has been shown by statistics, many pupils are backward in their studies only because of lack of physical vitality. In 1920 it was shown that so many pupils in the schools of Brooklyn, N. Y., were compelled to pass through the same grades twice that, at the average cost of forty dollars a term for each pupil, the borough lost $2,000,- 000. On this basis various social organizations demanded an appropriation from the city of $100,000 for more effective medical aid to the school-children, contending that more than half of the extra expense could thus be saved. Medical school inspection was first instituted in France in 1886; then, in succession, this example was followed by Belgium, Hungary, Chile, Germany and Great Britain, the latter in 1908. In this country it was first instituted in New York City, in 1892; then in Boston, in 1894; in Chicago, in 1895, and in Philadelphia, in 1898.
Practically every American city now has adopted medical inspection and several states have made it obligatory in all schools. In the larger communities this includes the services of visiting nurses, the popular novelist and littérateur. He studied at Göttingen, attended the lectures of Fichte at Berlin, spent some time at Weimar and Dresden, and led a very ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER restless life till 1831, when he settled at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He despised his countrymen and their_philosophies, and studied French and English literature and latterly Oriental religions. He became an enthusiast for Buddha and the Vedas, and enjoyed_tracing all Western accomplishments to Eastern sources. The principal work of Schopenhauer is en- 1 SCHOULER titled "The World as Will and Idea." It appeared in 1819, and after being neglected for many years attracted a good deal of attention and received some sharp criticism. The practical upshot of his system, which makes will the one sole reality, is intolerable melancholy, taking from man all that constitutes his greatness, his goodness, or his bliss. Godfuturity -the soul-mere names, illusions; and the world of men is to him hopelessly bad. The style is brilliant; but the general effect of the work on the average mind is depressing. He published several other works of philosophy, of which the most important is "The Two Sound Problems of Ethics." He died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, Sept. 21, 1860.