Scripture
EDWARD WHEELER, an American psychologist; born in Mason, N. H., May 21, 1864; was graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1884; pursued special studies abroad; made director of the psychological laboratory of Yale University. He was lecturer at Johns Hopkins in 1906, and lecturer on psychiatry at Columbia in returned to the United States and was 1909. His investigations resulted in several important discoveries, including a method of producing anæsthesia by electricity, a method of measuring hallucinations and imaginations, and the law of "mediate association of ideas." He also invented a color-sight tester by which color-weak or color-blind persons employed in lamp batteries, marine or railroad service, can be detected. His publications include: "Thinking, Feeling, Doing" (1895); "The New Psychology" (1897); "Introduction to Experimental Phonetics" (1906), etc.
SCROFULA ("king's evil"), a tedious disease, tubercular in its nature, one of the most characteristic marks of which is a tendency to swelling of the glandular parts, which sometimes suppurate, and discharge a curdy, mixed matter, and are very difficult to heal. The persons in whom scrofulous disease is most apt to manifest itself are marked during childhood by pale and pasty complexions, large heads, narrow chests, protuberant bellies, soft and flabby muscles, and a languid and feeble circulation. It, however, often accompanies a variety of the sanguineous temperament also, and is indicated by light or red hair, gray or blue eyes, with large and sluggish pupils, and long, silky lashes, a fair, transparent brilliancy of skin, and rosy cheeks. This red color is, however, easily changed by cold to purple or livid, and the extremities are subject to chilblains. It is frequent, also, though less common, in what is called the melancholic or bilious temperament, i. e., in persons of dark, muddy complexion and harsh skin, in whom the mental and bodily energies are more sluggish and dull. It is one of those diseases that are in a very marked degree hereditary. Among the exciting causes are insufficient nutriment, exposure to wet and a orable to its development, while on the other hand a hot or a very cold climate protects against it.
It usually manifests itself in indolent glandular tumors, frequently in the neck, at first free from pain and inflammation, but proceeding slowly to an inflammatory state, and gradually and generally, after a long time, forming an ulcer, which is extremely difficult to heal. In some cases the eyes and eyelids are the principal seat of the disease, having constantly a very inflamed aspect. The bones of scrofulous persons are also liable to disease, especially those of the spine. The lungs are particularly liable to attack in such cases, giving rise to the formation of tubercles in that organ which is so marked a feature in phthisis.