Serapis
or SARAPIS (also found as OSARAPIS), the Greek name of an Egyptian deity, introduced into Egypt in the time of Ptolemy I. or Soter, and really a combination of the Greek Hades and Egyptian Osiris. He was not an Egyptian, but the Greek deity, with some Egyptian characters superadded; and his temple was not admitted into the precincts of Egyptian cities, finding favor only in the Greek cities founded in Egypt. It is said that 42 temples were erected under the Ptolemies and Romans to this god in Egypt. His resemblance to Osiris consisted in his chthonic or infernal character, as judge of the dead Balkans in the S. E., and of the Dinaric Alps in the W. The summits seldom exceed 3,000 feet, though the highest reaches 6,325. The whole surface belongs to the basin of the Danube, which receives the drainage partly directly, and partly by the frontier rivers Save augmented by the Drin and the Timok, but chiefly by the Morava, which flows through the center of the kingdom. The climate is somewhat rigorous in the elevated districts, but mild in the valleys and plains. There are extensive forests and uncultivated wastes, the forest area being 42 per cent. of the total area.
Serbia is essentially an agricultural country, and each peasant cultivates his own freehold. These holdings range in size from 10 to 30 acres. Of the entire area of land, about 21 per cent. is under cultivation. The chief agricultural products are wheat, barley, oats, maize, rye and beetroot. Tobacco is also grown and the product in 1919 was 15.000 tons.
SERBIA SERBIA Silk culture is also carried on exten-clared their independence in 1918, after sively, and before the World War about the Austrian revolution. On Dec. 29, 35,000 persons were employed in this industry. The total production of wheat is about 25,000,000 cwt. annually. The mineral resources are considerable, al- though they have not been developed. They include coal, iron, copper, ore, gold and cement. In Idria are well-known quicksilver mines which produce about 130,000 tons yearly. The milling of though they have not been dev They include coal, iron, copper, ore, gold and cement. In Idria are well -known quicksilver mines which produce about 130,000 tons yearly. The milling of flour is one of the most important industries, and before the World War there were 50 large flour mills in the pottery and iron work. Statistics of ing and distilling of liquors, weaving, tanning, boot making, carpet weaving, pottery and iron work.
Statistics of World War the imcommerce are not available for recent dates .
Before the Wo ports were about £4,000,000 and the exports about £3,000,000 annually. There are about 1,000 miles of rai railway. The railway systems were practically destroyed during the war. The chief bank is the National Bank of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, with a railway systems were practically de- stroyed during the war. The chief bank is the National Bank of the Kingdom of The State r religion is the Serbian- Orthodox. There are also a large number of Roman Catholics, especially in the newly acquired territories.
Education is compulsory and, in primary schools, free. There are about 20 secondary schools and a number of theological, normal and special schools.
Belgrade University, founded in 1838, had in 1920 7,250 students and 80 instructors. In the same year the University of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established at Lioublina. The government has a military academy and 5 schools for non-commissioned ned officers.
The army was reorganized in 1916, following the invasion of Serbia. During the war over 750,000 men served in the armies, exclusive of 70,000 Jugo-Slav volunteers. The total losses in killed and missing amounted to about 370,000.
The army was demobilized following the armistice of 1919, and was succeeded by the new army of Jugoslavia. Military service is compulsory and universal. The Serbian language, formerly often called the Illyrian ian, is a melodious Slaand missing amounted to about 370,000. The army was demobilized following the armistice of 1919, and was succeeded by the new army of Jugoslavia. Miligarian and Slovenian, and forms with and both Goethe wasan hereditary monarchy, and the 1918, the kingdom of Serbs, Croats and people were represented by an elected Slovenes was formed, with Crown Prince Alexander as regent. The government legislative assembly called the skupshtina.
History. Serbia was anciently inhabited by Thracian tribes; subsequently it formed part of the Roman province of ashan (1331-1355) next century. They acknowledged the supremacy of the Byzantine emperors, but latterly made themselves independent, donia, Albania, Thessaly, northern Greece, latterly made themselves independent, succession by Huns, Ostrogoths, Lomnext century. They acknowledged the bards, Avares, and other tribes. The Serbians entered it in the 7th century, and were converted to Christianity in the but latt supremacy of the Byzantine emperors,
But by the peace of Belgrade was transferred to donia, Albania, Thessaly, northern Greece, and under Stephen Dushan the kingdom of Serbia included all Macein 1389, and put to death. Serbia now and Bulgaria. About 1374 a new dynasty ascended the throne in the person of Lazar I., who was captured by the Turks nearly 200 years. By the peace of Pasat the battle of Kossovo (in Albania) became tributary to Turkey. About the middle of the 15th century it became a Turkish province, and so remained for Belgrade. But sarowitz in 1718 Austria received the greater part of Serbia, with the capital, in 1739 this territory Turkey. The barbarity of the Turks led pendence of his country by the peace of Bucharest, May 28, 1812. The war was renewed in 1813, and the Turks pre- vailed. In 1815 all Serbia rose in arms under Milosh, and after a successful war obtained complete self-government, Mito several insurrections. Early in the 19th century Czerny George placed himself at the head of the malcontents, and, aided by Russia, succeeded after eight years of fighting in securing the inde- Bucharest, May 28, 1812. The war was renewed in 1813, and the Turks prevailed. In 1815 all Serbia rose in arms under Milosh, and after a successful war leaving the throne vacant to his brother obtained complete self-government, Milosh being elected hereditary prince of the land. Milosh was compelled to abdicate in 1839, and was nominally succeeded by his son Milan, who died immediately, leav pelled to follow the example of his father Michael . In 1842 this prince was comand and quit the country. Alexander Kara- Georgevitch, son of Czerny George, was Milosh was then recalled, but survived elected in his room; but in December, 1858, he also was forced to abdicate. his restoration little more than a year.
His son Michael succeeded him (1860), but was assassinated by the partisans of Prince Alexander July 10, 1868. The princely dignity was then conferred on Milan (Obrenovitch), grand-nephew of tary service is compulsory and universal. The Serbian language, formerly often eral collections of patriotic Serbian songs have been published, and and Grimm have acknowledged the excellence of Serbian poetry. In prose literature, however, little has been produced besides theological and religious The present constitution of works.
Serbia dates from 1903. The Slovenes, vonic dialect closely allied to the Bul- garian and Slovenian, and forms with them the southern Slavonic group. Sev- eral collections of patriotic Serbian songs have been published, and both Goethe and Grimm have acknowledged the ex- cellence of Serbian poetry. In prose SERBIA Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 Serbia took up arms against Turkey, and obtained full recognition of its independence. It was erected into a kingdom in 1882.
In 1889 Milan abdicated in favor of his son Prince Alexander, born Aug. 14, 1876, who became the ruler of the country as Alexander I.
Alexander married Countess Draga, who was unpopular with the people. On June 11, 1903, soldiers forced their way into the palace and bayoneted King Alexander, Queen Draga, and her two brothers. Prince Peter Karageorgevitch was then proclaimed King of Serbia, under the name Peter I. Following the accession of King Peter, the idea of a Greater Serbla, which had long been cherished by the Serbian people, became intensified.
The hostile feeling toward Austria-Hungary was increased by the tariff policy adopted by the dual monarchy. Bitterness of feeling increased by Austria's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The Serbian Government retaliated by passing restrictive tariff measures and encouraged war-like preparations.
Through the offices of Russia, however, the tension was relieved. In 1912 Serbia entered the Balkan alliance with Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro and helped to precipitate the Balkan War (q. v.) of 1912 and 1913. As a result of the victory over Turkey in this war, Serbia nearly doubled her territory and increased her population by more than one-half.
These gains were chiefly at the expense of Bulgaria and the dissatisfaction of that country led to the second Balkan War. Bitterness toward Austria was revived by the action of the latter in compelling the Serbs to surrender Durazzo and other territory to the newly created principality of Albania. This hatred of Austria came to a crisis when the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Hapsburg throne, was assassinated on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, by a Serbian patriot. This act was the direct cause of the World War.
The first military operation in the war was the attempted invasion by Austria undertaken in the last days of July, 1914.
This ended in disaster to the Austrian forces, as did a second attempt at invasion undertaken in September. The Serbian troops fought with great heroism and forced back the Austrians with great losses. The final invasion of Serbia was accomplished only by the combined force of Austrian, German, and Bulgarian troops and this was not undertaken until September, 1915. The Serbian Army was overwhelmed and was compelled to retreat, although it fought with with the the greatest greatest bravery as long as there was a possibility SERFS of resistance. The army escaped, although with great losses, and Serbia was overrun by hostile armies. Over 700,000 civilians fled before the advancing armies of the enemy, and of these a large portion died during their flight. The Serbians reached Avlona or Durazzo and were taken to the island of Corfu, where after reorganization, they again took their place in the battle line and rendered most brilliant and effective service. For more detailed account of Serbia in the war, see WORLD WAR. The active command of the Serbian Army was_in the hands of the Prince Regent. For the history of Serbia following the formation of the Jugoslavian State, see JUGO- SLAVIA.