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Submarine Telegraphy
the ver and Calais by copper wire, and one SUBPŒNA, or SUBPΕΝΑ transmission of messages by electricity under the sea. The sending of messages by telegraph from one country to another, through wires buried many thousand feet beneath the water has come into general use since 1851, though the conception of its possibility dated back many years prior to that time. year later J. J. Craven of the United States, a resident of New Jersey, con- Washington telegraph line through the waters of a creek. The experiment was successful in every way. In 1849 Armstrong proposed that a telegraph line States. be laid between Europe and the United telegraph line was opened for business.
It was laid by a company of English In 1851 the first important submarine and French capitalists. The cable consisted of four copper wires, insulated with gutta-percha, surrounded by tarred hemp and protected by 10 galvanized The very first suggestion that was ever made about a submarine cable was same Spaniard proposed to connect Bar- at Barcelona. Two years later this Spaniard, before the Academy of Sciences at Barcelona. Two years later this same Spaniard proposed to connect Barcelona and the island of Majorca by a submarine telegraph line. In 1803 Alexperiments in the transmission of elec- brated Galvini, made some interesting hemp and protected by 10 galvanized brated Galvini, made some interesting The weight of this cable was seven tons experiments in the transmission of elec- to the mile; it was 25 miles long, and tric signals under the sea near Calais, der by electricity transmitted through a sub-aqueous conducting wire under mitted electric signals through seven John Robert Sharpe of England transmitted electric signals through seven miles of insulated sub-aqueous wire.
This was in 1813. was sunk in 120 feet of water. In 1853 six submarine cables were laid connect- was sunk in 120 feet of water. In 1853 ing various parts of England, Ireland and Scotland. In the following year five more cables were laid in Europe, the longest of which was 64 miles. In 1856 several cables were laid in waters much deeper than formerly. One of Corsica, weighed eight tons to the mile, and was sunk to a depth of 600 feet. By much deeper than formerly. One of and was sunk to a depth of 600 feet. By serviceable cables. In 1914, before the World War, there were seventeen cables between the United States and Europe.
Pasley's work in England Dr. O'Shaugh- The German cables to America were cut nessy, the director of the East India as a war measure. This acted greatly to Company's telegraph system, transmitted the disadvantage of Germany. telegraphic signals through insulated Treaty of Versailles left all German wires under the Hugli river in India. cables in the hands of the Allied or The In 1838 it was demonstrated that subaqueous telegraphy was a matter which could be practically handled. This was done in actual experiments by Colonel terton in England. Just one year after Pasley of the Royal Engineers at Chatterton in England. Just one year after About this time numerous inventors in wires under the Hugli river in India. many parts of the world thought of new experiments, and the art of submarine many parts of the world thought of new telegraphy began to grow.
Prof. Charles Wheatstone of England connecting Dover, England, with Calais, the United States Samuel F. B. Morse, in 1842, transmitted electric signals along a copper wire between Castle Garden and Governor's Island in New York harbor. In 1843 Professor Morse suggested the possibility of connecting Europe and the United States by a submarine cable line. Meanwhile Samuel Colt was operating submarine cables between New York city, Coney Island and Fire Island.
In 1845 Ezra Cornell laid 12 miles of copper wire in the Hudson river between New York and Fort Lee. The wires were insulated and inclosed in a lead pipe and were successfully operated till they were destroyed by ice. În 1846 Charles West obtained permission from the British Government to connect Doneutral nations. Treaty of Versailles left all German base and the inner surface of the infeneutral nations. cables in the hands of the Allied or It is situated immediately below the rior maxilla. ure borne in charges in coat armor, not considered to be so honorable as an ordi- It is situated immediately below the nary, to which it gives place and cedes the principal points of the shield. According to some writers, an ordinary when it comprises less than one-fifth of the principal points of the shield. According to some writers, an ordinary the whole shield is termed a subordinary. when it comprises less than one-fifth of