Sweating System
the system by SWEATING SYSTEM work in their own houses or small workshops, and employ others to do it, making a profit for themselves by the difference between the contract prices and the wages they pay their assistants. Laws have been enacted both in England and the United States to regulate the system, and providing penalties for the employment of children and others in overcrowded and ill-ventilated "sweat shops." SWEDEN (Swedish, Sverige), a kingdom of northern Europe comprising with Norway and Lapland the whole of the Scandinavian peninsula, of which it forms the E., S., and most important portion; having N. E. Russian Finland; E. and S. the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic; S. W. the Sound, Cattegat, and Skagerrack; and W. and N. Norway, from which it is for the most part divided by the great mountain chain of Scandinavia. Length N. to S. 950 miles; average breadth about 190 miles; area 173,035 square miles; pop. (1918) 5, 813,850. Capital, Stockholm; pop. 408,- 456. three Topography-Sweden is divided into ree principal regions: Gæthland (Gothia) in the S.; Sweden proper, occupying the center; and Norland (by far the largest part), comprising the remainder. These three regions are again subdivided into 24 lans, or districts.
Sweden is mountainous in the W., but, in general, flat; and it is remarkable that along the whole road from Gottenburg in the W., to Stockholm in the E., there is not a single acclivity of consequence till within a few miles of the latter.
SWEDEN fir, birch, with oak, elm, and beech in the more S. parts.
Zoology. The domestic animals are the same as those of Great Britain. The others are hares and foxes, beavers, wolves and, in the cold provinces of the N., bears, the lemming and the reindeer.
Water fowl are abundant and the mosquitoes are as troublesome as they are in tropical countries.
Agriculture.- Sweden is essentially an agricultural country. About 50 per cent. of the people are engaged in agricultural pursuits. There are about 450,000 farms under cultivation. The area and yield of the principal crops in 1919 was as follows: Wheat, 140,913 hectares, production 258,792 tons; rye, 372,068 hectares, production 586,689 tons; barley, 166,672 hectares, production 280,678 tons; oats, 112,5 678 tons; oats, 712,372 hectares, production 1,111,730 tons; mixed corn, 260,782 hectares, production 475,749 tons; peas, beans, etc., 44,748 hectares, production 67,756 tons; potatoes, 168,689 hectares, production 2,111,213 tons; sugar beet and fodder roots, 127,650 hectares, production 3,838,- 372 tons; hay, 1,342,878 hectares, production 4,300,969 tons. There were in 1920 about 720,000 horses and about 2,- 600,000 head of cattle.
Industries. - The chief industries are related to the mining and production of minerals and metals, and to lumbering and dairying. In the north are found the chief iron ore mines and important sawmills. The production of iron and steel is found chiefly in central Sweden.
Among specialized products are the manufacture of cream separators, lighthouse apparatus, motors and electrical machinery. The manufacture of porcelain and glass is also important, as are timber and woodworking industries. Among the principal industries are the following, Climate-The climate is less severe than might be expected in so high a latitude. In Stockholm the average temperature throughout the year is 4 degrees higher than at St. Petersburg. The summers are hot, and spring is almost unknown. In the N., snow covers the ground for 5 or 6 months in the year; and the W. coasts are milder and more humid than the E.
Rivers The rivers are numerous. The principal are the Dal and the Klar rising in the mountains bordering on Norway, and flowing into the Gulf of Bothnia and the lake of Wener. The Angerman, the Umea, the Skeleftea, the Pitea, the Lulea, and the Tornea, are in Lapland.
Lakes-Nearly one-eighth of the country is covered with lakes. The largest are the Wener, Wetter, and the Malar, all in the S. provinces. In point of size Wener is the third lake in Europe.
Forests. There are extensive forests.
More than 3 parts of the country are under timber. The principal trees are with the value of output in kroners: Bar iron and steel works, 500,850,759; mechanical workshops, 496,073,165; iron and steel goods factories, 191,488,782; flour and grain mills, 131,924,056; shoe factories, 112,340,571. There are about 300,000 men, about 60,000 women, about 40,000 boys, and about 15,000 girls employed in the factories of the country. Commerce. - The imports for 1917 were £41,773,733 and the exports £76,- 465,387. The chief articles of import were minerals, chiefly coal, metal goods and machinery, animals, textile manufactures, and hair, hides and other animal products. The principal export were wood, pulp, paper, and paper manufactures, metals, timber, metal goods, and minerals. Prior to the World War Germany took the greater part of the exported goods. The second place was SWEDEN SWEDEN occupied by Great Britain, the third by History. - The two kingdoms, Gothland Norway, and the fourth by Denmark.
The imports were chiefly from Germany, Denmark, the United States, Great Britain, Norway and the Netherlands. Transportation. There are about 10,- 000 miles of railway in the country, of which about 3,400 belong to the state.
There are about 50,000 miles of telegraph wire and about 400,000 miles of telephone wire. There are over 1,000 sailing vessels in the merchant marine and nearly 20,000 steam and motor vessels.
Education. There are about 20,000 elementary schools, with about 25,000 teachers and 715,000 pupils. In 1918 there were 77 public secondary schools, elementary technical schools, navigation schools for elementary teachers; and schools, with 2,976 pupils; 15 normal schools for elementary teachers; and and Svealand, of which Sweden once conmar, Sweden became subject to Margaret former. In 1397 by the treaty of Calby the failure of the royal line in the of Denmark, who has been styled the former. In 1397 by the treaty of Calmar , Sweden became subject to Margaret the three kingdoms in one. Gustavus Vasa asserted the independence of Sweden and ascended the throne in 1521.
Gustavus He bequeathed the crown to his posterity, daughter Christina, Charles XII., and who continued to reign, and in general Gustavus III., discovered with distinction; but most of them, and spirit approaching, in the case of Charles in particular, Gustavus Adolphus, his dynasty ended in a prince (Gustavus XII., to a degree of infatuation. This dynasty ended in a prince (Gustavus IV.) who had all the eccentricity and a romantic hardly any of the talents of his preelementary technical schools, navigation decessors. In 1809 this last monarch enschools, military schools, agricultural schools, and other special schools. An elementary education is compulsory and free. The universities are at at Upsala and at Lund. There are also private universities at Stockholm and at other cities. Finance. The revenues and expendi- The public debt amounted to £59,811,509. Army and Navy.-Military service is universal but is aided by a voluntary Army and Navy. - Military service is universal but is aided enlisted personnel. Liability to service led by a voluntary begins at the age of 20 and lasts till the strength in 1920 of 86,507. The total consists of 6 divisions, with a total peace strength in 1920 of 86,507. The total number of military age is about 650,000. The navy is entirely a coast defense force. It includes 13 vessels, varying from 3,700 to 7,180 tons. In addition there were in 1920 10 destroyers, about 50 torpedo boats, and about 14 submarines.
He Government. A constitutional monarchy. The King of Sweden, formerly also King of Norway, must be a member of the Lutheran Church. His person also King of Norway, must be a memis inviolable. He has the right to declare war and make peace, and grant clare war and make peace, and grant is inviolable. He has the right to denominates to all appointments, both military and civil; concludes foreign treaties, nominates to all appointments, both mili- pardon to condemned criminals. He and has a right to preside in the supreme court of justice. The king has an and has a right to preside in the suabsolute veto against any decrees of the Diet, and possesses legislative power in matters of provincial administration and police. In all other respects, the fountain of law is the Diet. This Diet, or Congress of the realm, consists of two chambers, or estates, both elected by the people, but representing different inter- chambers, or estates, both elected by the ests. gaging in undertakings totally beyond the resources of his people, was deposed; 1818 as Charles John XIV., ascended the France was elected crown prince, and in and next year Marshal Bernadotte of to Sweden (see NORWAY).
Charles XV. succeeded his father, Oscar to Sweden (see NORWAY). In 1857 throne. In 1814 Norway was annexed I., and died in 1872, leaving the crown throne. In 1814 Norway was annexed five years. to his son, Oscar II., who reigned thirtyimportant measures of economic and social reform were adopted. These in- During the reign of Oscar II. many men, limitation of working hours for cluded accident insurance for workingtion. In 1905 the union between Norway and Sweden was peaceably diss (See NORWAY.) King Oscar died in 1907 women and children, and factory legislaand was succeeded by his son, Gustavus and Sweden was peaceably dissolved. suffrage for elections to the Lower dissolved. qualifications for the members of the Upper House, was passed. At the out- House, and effecting changes in the declared her neutrality. On December 18, 1914, a conference was held at Malmö, in which the kings of Sweden, Norbreak of the World War in 1914, Sweden sult of this meeting an agreement to defend the neutrality of these countries way and Denmark took part. As a reand to protect their economic interests, was made. During the early par 1915 the Swedish Government complained to Great Britain against the arwas made. During the early part of neutral vessels bound for Sweden. Great part of that contraband in large quantities had been imported into Germany by way of Sweden. In order to avoid complications, Britain based its action on the claim the Swedish Government published a debeen imported into Germany by way of SWEDEN 190 SWEDENBORG, EMANUEL cree prohibiting exportation to any belligerent country of war munitions or of any material which might be used in their manufacture. A second conference between the rulers of the Scandinavian countries was held in February, 1915.
A protest was published ed against the creation of a war zone by Germany.
Throughout the progress of the war there were complaints against both sides on the part of Sweden for alleged violation of her neutrality. In January, 1916, the king urged the strengthening of the Swedish military establishment in order that the country might be prepared against any possible violation of its neutrality. As a result of the Russian revolution in 1917, new problems were faced by Sweden. Chief of these were the recognition of the new republic of Finland. The internal disturbances in that country which were strongly related to Sweden by national and political ties, were reflected in Sweden. It was finally decided, however, to maintain strict neutrality between the Soviet Government and Finland. Following the close of the war Sweden was greatly affected by the German revolution. Encouraged by its results the Independent Socialist Party made attempts for the abolishment of the monarchial form of government and the establishment of a republic. This agitation quickly subsided, however, on the promise of reforms by the government. These included a new election law and the granting of the franchise to men and women on equal terms. In February, 1918, a controversy arose between Sweden and Finland for the possession of the Aland Islands. These had been occupied by Germany after the collapse of Russia, and therefore their disposition remained in the hands of the Peace Conference. Their population, which was purely Swedish, had appealed after the separation of Finland from Russia to the King of Sweden for annexation. The disposition of these islands had not been settled in 1921. In May, 1919, full national suffrage was granted to women, who since 1909 had enjoyed municipal suffrage. In March, 1920, a cabinet composed entirely of Socialists was selected by Hjalmar Branting, prime minister. This was probably the first instance in political history when a Socialist cabinet was in power. The cabinet was accepted by the king.