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Temperance Movement

a movement designed (1) to minimize or (2) to abolish the use of alcoholic liquors as beverages. In the first sense the word "temperance" is used strictly, i. e., the aim at moderation in the use of liquors; in the second sense it is equivalent to total abstinence. The Jewish Nazarites and Rechabites acted on total abstinence principles (Num. vi: 1-21, Jer. xxxv: 1-6), as did the Encratites of the 2d Christian century. Most of the higher Hindu castes and all the Mohammedans nominally abstain from intoxicating liquor. The earliest modern temperance order was that of St. Christopher, founded in Germany in 1517, the members of which were pledged not to at a meal, "except in cases where this measure was not sufficient to quench thirst." In 1600 the Landgrave of Hesse established another temperance order.

The United States was earlier than England in the modern temperance movement. In 1651 the people of East Hampton, Long Island, endeavored to limit the sale of intoxicating drinks. In 1760 the religious societies began to protest resolution was passed by farmers to abagainst drinking at funerals; in 1789 a resolution was passed by farmers to aband in 1790 medical men, led by Dr. Rush, protested against the use of spirits, and nd four years later he recommended total abstinence. ded its, and four years later he recommended total abstinence. ginia. In 1812 the Rev. H. Humphrey recommended total abstinence, as did Dr.

Lyman Beecher, and various temperance societies arose. Not, however, till 1836 was the American Temperance Union formed on the basis of total abstinence. was the American Temperance Union ed in the city of Baltimore, and in 1842 the Sons of Temperance were instituted in New York City. From 1845 TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT The believed to have been the first in date early as 1818 a total abstinence society, believed to have been the first in date throughout the world, had been founded ruary, 1830. The British and Foreign the movement began at Bradford, in February, 1830. The British and Foreign Temperance Society was formed in London early in 1831. On Aug. 23, 1832, Joseph Livesey, then a member of the which are known as the "seven men of Preston." This inaugurated the modern which are known as the "seven men of In 1838 Father Preston." This inaugurated the modern teetotal movement. came the apostle of temperance for Ire- land, and by the end of 1839 obtained came the apostle of temperance for Ireland, and by the end of 1839 obtained 1,800,000 recruits to the cause.

United Kingdom Band of Hope Union was founded in May, 1855. In 1868 the Independent Order of Good Templars, probably the most widespread of all temperance organizations, was planted in Cardinal Manning and Father Nugent commenced a vigorous temperance move ment among the Roman Catholics. The feeling in favor of temperance is steadily growing, and the numerous societies with their large membership constitute The National Woman's Christian Tem- The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union, with its auxiliary state and territorial unions, besides that of the District of Columbia, is the largest society ever composed exclusively of women and conducted entirely by them, It has been organized in every State and Territory of the nation, and locally in about 10,000 towns and cities. Great Britain, Canada and Australia, Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand, India and Japan, Madagascar and South Africa, have also organized, and there are local unions in almost every civilized nation. This soevery civilized nation. This so ciety is the lineal descendant of the great temperance crusade of 1873-1874, and is a union of Christian women for the purpose of educating the young; forming a better public sentiment; reforming the drinking classes; and securing the entire abolition of the liquor traffic. In Maine, under the earlier efforts of the apostles of total abstinence, prohibition was carried as a measure of State policy, and the Maine liquor law formed the basis of subsequent similar enactments in other States. By 1911, local option had been adopted by 33 States. Under the Act of Nov. 21, 1918, the manufacture and sale of liquors was prohibited from May 1, Jan. 29, 1919, Acting Secretary of State having confirmed) prohibiting the manu TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT TEMPERATURE facture and sale of liquor after Jan. Pouillet, for example, putting it at -238° F. and Fourier at -58°. From our presat -58°. -58 From our pres- 16, 1920. ent physical outlook, however, the phrase "temperature of space" is meaningless.

Only where matter is can a true temperature exist.