Tidal Waves
properly the swells 1919 to 1922, having first been lost by of water accompanying or marking the TURBINE LOCOMOTIVES motion of the tides. In more common usage, the term is applied to any great sea waves of extraordinary origin, in which case, however, the use of the word tidal is obviously incorrect, since the waves referred to have no connection with the tides or with tidal forces. While unusual waves caused by hurricanes or other similar storms, such as those which swept over Galveston, Texas, in 1900 and 1915, are sometimes loosely called tidal waves, the name is more commonly reserved for the still greater waves caused by the sudden elevation or depression of areas of the sea bottom accompanying earthquakes or the eruption of oceanic volcanoes. Such waves often rise to appalling heights and are among the most destructive agencies found in nature.
In the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 a wave 60 feet in height swept in upon the coast with enormous destruction to property and a toll of over 60,000 lives. The tremendous eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 produced sea waves which traveled half way around the earth after rising to a height of 50 feet and wiping out almost 300 villages on the neighboring coasts of Sumatra and Java. The succession of huge and destructive waves which swept in upon the coast of Chile, November 11, 1922, resulted from a violent disturbance of some sort in the bed of the neighboring Pacific Ocean, first causing a great and sudden recession of the waters off the coast for a distance of over a thousand miles, the waters then returning in gigantic rolls.
TURBINE LOCOMOTIVES. The mechanical inefficiency of the ordinary reciprocating locomotive and the grow ing costs and scarcity of fuel have led to attempts in recent years to apply the steam turbine to locomotive uses. Several designs of turbine locomotives have already been tested and found successful. A Swiss design by Zoelly was recently tried out with results so satisfactory that the rights of manufacture were bought by the well-known Krupp company of Germany. In this locomotive, two small steam turbines are built in underneath the boiler, for forward and backward drives respectively. The resulting appearance is not unlike that of the present standard locomotive. In the Ljungström locomotive, invented in Sweden, the turbine is carried in what would ordinarily be the tender, which is here constructed to serve as a huge condenser. The driving wheels are under the forward part of this tender or condenser and are driven from the turbine through double reduction gears. The forward locomotive carries the boiler TURKEY and coal bunkers of the saddle type.
Extensive tests have been made with the Ljungström engine and have proved its efficiency to be more than double that of the ordinary locomotive now in use, 14.7 per cent in comparison with from 4 to 6 per cent.
Still another turbine type is the Ramsay locomotive now undergoing tests in England. In all these types of engines the gains include the usual economies of the turbine construction. But other gains are also made possible in indirect ways, among them being the possibility of super-heating the steam to a degree not safe with the piston engine, a gain in efficiency and fuel economy univerversally recognized by locomotive engineers. Initial costs of construction thus far have proved to be considerably higher than in the case of reciprocating engines.
TURKEY.
Nationalist Movement. - The so-called Turkish Nationalist movement originated as a protest against the dismemberment of the Turkish nation following the World War. On September 13, 1919, a group of Nationalist leaders at Sivas drew up the famous National Pact, setting forth the terms and the limits of sacrifice to which Turkey would consent as the price of peace. All recent portions of the Ottoman Empire having a predominantly Turkish population must be returned to the Turkish Government. Portions inhabited by an Arab majority were to be free to determine their own futures. The Turkish Parliament at Constantinople adopted the National Pact January 28, 1920; but the government of the Sultan being now in the hands of the Allied Commissioners at Constantinople, a new National Assembly was convened at Angora, where in April, 1920, it established a government under the leadership of Mustapha Kemal (q. v.). The Angora Assembly refused from the first to recognize the drastic Treaty of Sèvres by which, among other things, Eastern Thrace in Europe and Smyrna, Asia Minor, were assigned to Greece. War was waged by the Kemalists against the Greek forces, as well as against the French who held Cilicia and against the Armenians in the Caucasus region. A treaty with Russia and the Transcaucasian republics (October 13, 1921) ceded Kars and Ardahan back to the Turks, while the French agreed to retire from Cilicia, and Italy likewise withdrew from Adalia which she had occupied as a sphere of influence.
Modifications of the Sèvres Treaty in favor of Turkey were proposed by the ULSTER Allies, but to these the Greek Governnew campaign against the Turks which new campaign against the Turks which at first was more or less successful, but which ended in September, 1922, in the forces. All Asia Minor was evacuated by the Greeks, who were also compelled to surrender Eastern Thrace by the terms of an armistice signed at Mudania. Following close upon these triumphs, the Turkish National Assembly deposed the Sultan, Mohammed VI, and declared the Sultanate itself abolished (November 1, 1922). The Caliphate was continued, with its seat at Constantinople, but the and a new caliph, Abdul Medjid, was elected to succeed the deposed Mohammed VI. On November 5th the Nationalist Government assumed authority in Constantinople and demanded the evacuation of the city by the Allies, the Sultan tak- UNITED STATES establish peace was held at Lausanne, An international conference to reing to Malta a few days later. An international conference to reestablish peace was held at Lausanne, Switzerland, November 20, 1922 to Febby the Turkish representatives. After many questions was strongly maintained by the Turkish representatives. After long discussions, substantial agreements were reached on a number of important matters, but on others the Turks recessions, political or economic, which the continuance or renewal of any concessions, political or economic, which TION: CONFERENCE AT LAUSANNE.) sovereignty. (See NEAR EASTERN QUES- TION: CONFERENCE AT LAUSANNE.)