Tortoise-Shell
a popular name for the partial or entire outside covering many of the Chelonia. It is in the form of the carapace and plastron present in of thin plates, united together at their extent, with the underlying bones of the edges, and corresponding, to a certain shell. The number, size, position, coloring, and ornamentation of these plates differ greatly even in genera and species.
Also, the name given to the horny epidermic plates of C. imbricata, the hawk'sbill turtle. The largest rarely exceed one-eighth of an inch in thickness. Tortoise-shell is semi-transare about 18 inches long by 6 broad, and gest of these plates thickness. Tortoise-shell is semi-transof yellow and brownish-red. Its value depends on the brightness and form of the markings. Tortoise-shell is used for fancy articles. The Indian Islands furnish the largest supply for the European and Chinese markets, the chief seats of the trade being Singapore, Manila, and about 26,000 pounds, of which Singapore sends about a half. about 26,000 pounds, of which Singapore name given to two butterflies. The small tortoise-shell, Vanessa urticæ, one of the name given to two butterflies. The small red brown, and has on its costal margin three large black spots, beyond the third of which is a white one. tween the first and third spots is yellow.
The space be- The large tortoise-shell, the larva of tween the first and third spots is yellow. which feeds on the elm, is much rarer. The large tortoise-shell, the larva of border. border. It is deep fulvous, with a broad, dark island, chief of the Virgin Islands; area, rising to a height of 1,600 feet. It con- 26 square miles. It is bare and rugged, has been largely used in many countries rising to a height of 1,600 feet. It conevidence from unwilling witnesses, or as a judicial instrument for extracting confessions from accused persons, and in as a judicial instrument for extracting evidence from unwilling witnesses, or the despotisms of the East is still so confessions from accused persons, and in Cyc. Vol. IX TORTURE ble. In ancient Athens slaves were regularly examined by torture. Under the Roman republic only slaves could be tortured; under the empire torture, besides being much used in examining slaves, was occasionally inflicted even on freemen, to extract evidence of the crime of læsa majestas. At a later period torture came to be largely employed by the Inquisition, and it was only in 1816 that it was prohibited by a papal bull.