Trades Union
or UNION, an organized body of workmen in any trade, manufacture, or industrial occupation associated together for the promotion of their common interests, such as wages and hours of labor.
Previous to 1824 combinations of workmen were illegal in England, as they still are in most European continental countries. The Trade Union Act (1871) provided for the registration of trade societies, and accorded a certain measure of protection for their funds; but this Act was accompanied and practically nullified by the Criminal Law Amendment Act. An agitation took place which resulted in the passing of Mr. Mundella's Trade Union Act Amendment Act, in 1876. By this Act every legal grievance of which the unions complained was redressed, and now nearly every trade society in the kingdom is duly registered and stands in much the same position as any other trade corporation. In the early days of trades unions, one of their most important functions was that of organizing strikes; but of late years there has been a reluctance to resort to such extreme measures. In 1860 a Board of Arbitration was established at the request of the lace TRADES UNION workers in Nottingham, and since then similar boards have been formed by the trades in Staffordshire, Middlesborough, Cleveland, Bradford, Sheffield, and other places.
TRAGEDY vicinity of land, so as to lose their distinctive character. In the Indian Ocean and in Southeastern Asia they become altered into monsoons.
TRADING WITH THE ENEMY the plural, certain ocean winds, blowing TRADE WIND, in meteorology, in ACT, a Federal law passed on October 5, 1917, restricting exportations for the constantly in one direction or very nearly so, can be calculated on beforehand by the mariner and are therefore beneficial to trade. They exist on all open President Wilson issued a proclamation oceans to a distance of about 30° N. and S. of the equator, blowing from about the N. E. in the Northern and from the S. E. in the Southern Hemisphere.
Where they meet they neutralize each other, creating a region of calm N., and the same distance S. of the equator.
Atmospheric air expands by heat, and, expanding, naturally ascends, its place being supplied by a rush of colder and consequently of denser air beneath. The process is continually in progress, to a great extent, everywhere throughout the tropics, but especially above the land.
If the globe consisted solely of land, or solely of water, and had no rotation, the cold currents would travel directly from the N. and S. poles to the equator; but the rotation of the earth deflects them from their course. The atmosphere lags behind the moving planet, especially at the equator, where the rotation is about 1,000 miles an hour. Neither the direction nor the area of the trade winds remains fixed. Since they supply the place of rarefied air, which is ascending, they must follow the movement of the sun, blowing to the point of greatest rarefaction, as a cold current coming through a keyhole goes to the fire. Hence, area of the trade winds extends from two to four degrees farther N. than usual when the sun is at the Tropic of Cancer, and the same number of degrees farther S. than usual when he is at the Tropic of Capricorn. In the former case the S.
E. trade wind declines further from the E. from its N. limit, sometimes passing the equator, while the N. E. trade wind approaches an E. direction more than at other times. The region of calms also changes its position. As the difference of pressure is not gr great, the trade wind is generally moderate in strength, especially ally the opposite hemisphere from that in which the sun is at the time.
The trade winds were not known till Columbus' first voyage. They are most marked on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, where they occur between 9° and 30° N., and between 4° and 22° S. in the former, and between 9° and 26° N., and between 4° and 23° S. in the latter ocean, but become modified in the purpose of preventing goods exported from this country reaching Germany.
Under the authority granted him by the Espionage Act, passed June 15, 1917 on July 9, 1917, forbidding the exportation of food stuffs, grains and steel, except by special license of the Government. One section of this act authorized the President to restrict exports, even to the point of declaring an embargo.
On August 27, 1917, a second proclamation was published, placing the exportation of all goods under the control of the Exports Administrative Board, especially in the case of those exports destined for the Scandinavian countries.
On September 7 an embargo on gold was declared. In its natural sequence followed the Trading with the Enemy Act, forbidding trade with enemies of the United States, and also giving the Government authority over imports. On October 15 the President placed the control of exportation and importation under the jurisdiction of the War Trade Board and the Secretary of the Treasury. The effect of these various measures was to cause a tremendous shrinkage in our foreign trade, not only with European counlisting system was also adopted, similar excluded the trade of some 1,600 South to the British blacklist, which practically tries, but with South America. A black- American firms from the United States.