Transport
a ship or vessel emtransports, on which troops were shipped chased and hastily transformed into A number of coastwise crafts were pur- Manila and other points. Although so hastily fitted up, they proved adequate. When the war closed, the United States Government fitted up a number of these vessels as model transports. They have every convenience and comfort, in- States Government fitted up a number of United States entered the World War in tals and electric lights , etc.
When the United States entered the World War in 1917 all the transports were in use as tals and electric lights, etc. When the American soldiers were carried across 1917 all the transports were in use as the sea with a minimum loss of life. till recent times in general practice in Great Britain for crimes of the more serious description, but falling short of a punishment tion from seven years to the termination the penalty of death. It varied in dura- TRANSPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION of the criminal's life, according to the magnitude of the offense. Australia, Tasmania, and Norfolk Islands were the stations to which convicts from England were conveyed. Transportation was abolished by an act passed in 1857, and superseded by penal servitude. This act, however, reserved to the privy-council the right of ordering convicts to be transported, and it was only in 1868 that transportation to Western Australia actually ceased. a TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY, railway system of Russia, extending from St. Petersburg to Port Arthur. The entire distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok is 6,677 miles. The original cost was $172,525,000. The first sod was cut at Vladivostok on May 24, 1891. To facilitate the work of construction, the line was divided into three parts. The first started from the European frontier in the Ural, and ran E.; the second from Vladivostok, on the Pacific, ran W.; while the third, the middle section, near Lake Baikal, joined the other two. The whole line was opened for passenger traffic in December, 1901. In 1905 a line was laid around the southern end of Lake Baikal which obviated a boat-trip on the lake which passengers were formerly forced to take.
TRANSUBSTANTIATION. The meaning of the theological term transubstantiation is made apparent in the following canon of the Council of Trent: "If any one shall say that, in the most holy sacrament of the Eucharist, there remains the substance of bread and wine together with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and shall deny that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the blood, the species of bread and wine alone remaining-which conversion the Catholic church most fittingly calls transubstantiation-let him be anathema." The canon quoted was intended as a condemnation of the theories of impanation and consubstantiation. According to the theory of impanation, which was advocated chiefly by Osiander, in the sacrament of the Eucharist, the bread and wine were hypostatically or personally assumed by the Divine Word. According to the theory of consubstantiation, which was favored by the large majority of the Lutherans, the substance of the bread and wine remains together with the body and blood of Jesus Christ, but without being hypostatically assumed.
According The doctrine of transubstantiation is then an article of Roman Catholic faith.
TRANSVAAL COLONY Furthermore, the Council of Trent in the same Session xiii. declares that this doctrine "has always been the conviction in the Church of God." Protestant divines call in question the truth of this declaration, and assert that the doctrine was unknown before the Middle Ages. Roman Catholic theologians, on the other hand, while admitting that the term transubstantiation is comparatively new, profess their ability to prove by a catena of witnesses, commencing with the earliest ages of the church, that the doctrine conveyed by the term has been believed from the first. That the term is comparatively new is unquestionable. Cardinal Franzelin, indeed ("De Eucharistia," p. 177), gives instances of its use by Catholic writers in the 11th and 12th centuries. Nevertheless it was not formally adopted into the doctrinal phraseology of the Church before 1215, when it was employed in a profession of faith drawn up by the fourth Lateran Council.
After this period we find the term again employed in a "confession of faith," which was presented for subscription to Michael Palæologus, the Greek emperor, by Pope Clement IV. (1267), and was professed by the emperor in the second Ecumenical Council of Lyons held in 1274 under Pope Gregory X.