Tuberculin
KOCH'S LYMPH, or PARATOLOID, a glycerin extract of the pure culture of the tubercle bacillus, first prepared by Robert Koch in the year 1890. It was originally hoped that it would prove of value in combating the disease by injecting it into the blood of the sufferer from tuberculosis, but for this purpose it has not met with much success and in some cases appears to have aggravated the disease. It has proved of value, however, in detecting the disease in both human beings and cattle. When injected into the healthy body, no reaction ensues, but when injected into the blood of a person or animal suffering from tuberculosis, feverish conditions are produced. It is commonly used in this way to detect tuberculous cows. In appearance it is a brownish liquid with a neutral reaction, soluble in water. Chemically, it consists of a solution of the ptomaines of the tubercle bacillus, together with coloring and extractive matters and mineral salts. TUBERCULOSIS. See CONSUMPTION.
TUBEROSE TUBEROSE (Polianthus), a genus of plants of the natural order Likaceæ, having a funnel-shaped perianth, with six-parted limb, stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla, a superior capsule, and flat seeds. The common tuberose, P. tuberosa, has rounded bulbous roots; a cylindrical, upright, unbranched stem, three or four feet high; both root leaves and stem leaves sword-shaped, and very acute; flowers spiked and somewhat aggregated, large, pure white, the tube a little incurved. The plant grows well in the S. of Europe, but only bears the open air in northern climates during summer.
The roots are considerable article of export from southern to northern Europe. The plant is in high esteem for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers, the odor of which is most powerful after sunset, and has been known to cause headache and asphyxia in a room. The fading flowers emit, in certain states of the atmosphere, an electric light and sparks. The flowers yield an essential oil, which is used by perfumers. The native country of the tuberose is Mexico.
The tuberose has been known in Europe for about three centuries. There are double and single flowered forms in cultivation, the former being the more highly esteemed. They are very extensively grown by British and American florists, who, by planting the roots successionally, manage to keep up a supply of flowers at all seasons.
TUBINGEN SCHOOL lished itself. The Thirty Years' War, however, fatally checked its prosperity; and it was not till the early part of the 19th century that it began to reacquire a reputation. Under Baur it became celebrated as headquarters of the historico-philosophical theology known as the "Tübingen School," which has profoundly influenced the study of Church history. There is a Protestant seminary and a Catholic one, in which university lectures are given and theological students reside. Uhland long lived here. Pop. about 25,000.
TÜBINGEN SCHOOL, in Church history, the name given to two schools of theology whose chief representatives were connected with the University of Tübingen, either as professors or students.
The Old School This was essentially orthodox. Its founder was Gottlob Christian Storr (1746-1805), appointed Professor of Philosophy at Tübingen in 1775 and Professor of Theology two years later. He accepted unreservedly the divine authority of the Scriptures, and sought by grammatical and historical exegesis to build up a system of theology, and laid especial emphasis on the evidential value of miracles. He came into conflict with Kant, and criticized his "Religion Within the Limits of Pure Reason" somewhat severely. at all seasons. Of the double-flowered form there are several varieties, known in commerce as the double African, the double American, the double Italian, and the pearl, and the last named being smaller than the others.
TÜBINGEN, a town of Württemberg, Germany; 20 miles S. W. of Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and the Ammer. It is an old place, irregularly built, with steep and narrow streets in the main; but the suburbs, especially round about the new university and the railway station, have wide and spacious streets. Book printing, bookselling, making of chemicals and surgical and physical instruments, milling, dyeing, and trading in field produce, wine, hops, and fruits form the principal sources of employment, besides education. Tübingen has several Protestant churches (one, the Stiftskirche, dating from 1469-1483, and containing the graves of 12 princes of Württemberg) and one Catholic church. Its university, founded in 1477 by Eberhard im Bart, afterward first Duke of Württemberg, soon became a distinguished seat of learning, enjoyed for a time the presence of Reuchlin and Melanchthon, and continued to flourish long after the Reformation had firmly estab- Storr's contained in his theological system is contained in his "Theory of Christian Doctrine Drawn from the Scriptures" (1793). Among his immediate followers were the brothers Johann Friedrich (1759-1821) and Karl Christian Flatt (1772-1843), Friedrich Gottlieb Süsskind (1767-1829), and Ernst Gottlieb Bengel (1769-1826), a grandson of the great commentator. and The Modern School. - The principles of this school, founded by Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792-1860), also Professor of Theology at Tübingen, were in direct opposition to those of Storr. In 1835 Baur published his book on the pastoral epistles, in which he attempted to prove that they were the work of the 2d century; and in 1845 he denied the authenticity of all the epistles attributed to Paul, except that to the Galatians, I and II Corinthians, and Romans (with the exception of the last two chapters, the genuineness of which he called in question). He considered that Peter and John were Jewish in their views, only distinguished from their brethren by their faith in Christ as the promised Messiah. Paul maintained a doctrine that the crucifixion made Christ the Saviour of the world, and elaborated a theory of justification which to them was strange, and of religious freedom TUCKER "Post - Apostolic which to them was abhorrent. For the sake of peace they were for a while si- lent, but the animosity broke out in the Apocalypse, which referred to St. Paul sake of peace they were for a while silent, but the animosity broke out in the Apocalypse, which referred to St. Paul and his teachings when denouncing the ological Yearbook" (the organ of the school), and in a book on the Gospels, in 1847, Baur attempted to show that the fourth Gospel was not genuine. He main tained that it was written for the purpose of reconciling Judaistic and Paul- ine Christianity, and consequently beand Paullonged to the 2d century. Among the allonged to the 2d century. Among the allies and followers of Baur were Zeller, who edited the "Theological Yearbook"; Schwegler, "Post Apostolic Age"; Schwegler, Ritschl, "Gospel of Marcion and Gospel of Luke"; Kostlin, "Doctrinal System of John"; Hilgenfeld, and Holsten. As Baur grew older he modified his views greatly, and his "Christianity of the First Three Centuries" (1853) is a more conservative work than his previous writings. He asserts the pure morality of Christianity, while he denies its miracles. Since the death of Baur some of the Tübingen school have admitted the possibility of miracles as a necessary deduction from Theism, and the judgment concerning the fourth Gospel has been modified, and in some respect reve concerning the fourth Gospel has been was the outcome of the teachings of the new Tübingen school. The object of the book is to show that the Gospel narrative was the outcome of the teachings of the the expression of an idea in the form of an imaginary biography. But in the "New Life of Jesus," he says, "I have, the expression of an idea in the form of an imaginary biography. But in the allowed more room than before to the hy- "New Life of Jesus," he says, "I have, mainly in consequence of Baur's hints, tion." According to Prof. H. Schmidt, of Breslau, the historical and critical studies of Baur, though they led him to unsound conclusions, prepared the way for the brilliant achievements in the departments of Church history and doctrine of the present generation, and must ever be a starting point for the history of early Christianity. reversed.
Thomas Jefferson" (1837) ; "History of the United States from their Coloniza- Wages and Profits" (1837); "Life of Thomas Jefferson" (1837); "History of the United States from their Colonization to 1841" (4 vols. 1856-1858); "Banks or No Banks" (1857); and "Essays, Moral and Philosophical" (1860). American naval officer; born in Alexan- dria, Va., Jan. 31, 1812; joined the navy April 10, 1861. in 1826 and was promoted lieutenant in 1837. During the Mexican War he was executive officer of the bomb brig in 1826 and was promoted lieutenant in 1837. During the Mexican War he was dria, Va., Jan. 31, 1812; joined the navy ive officer of the bomb brig executive In was promoted commander in 1855, and was assigned to the command of the reof Tabasco and other operations. He ceiving ship "Pennsylvania," stationed at a commander in the navy of Virginia.
Norfolk. He resigned from the United June of the same year he was placed în States navy in April, 1861, and became command of the steamer "Yorktown," which later was named the "Patrick Henry." With this vessel he took part in the various engagements in Hampton Roads, including the conflict between the 1862. On the 13th following he was given command of the wooden squadron. He participated in the repulse of the Na- He participated in the repulse of the Nagiven command of the wooden squadron. soon after promoted captain and sent to Charleston, S. C., to command the naval tional fleet at Drury's Bluff, and was Charleston, S. C., to command the naval forces as flag-officer. In February, 1865, after the surrender of Charleston, he organized the naval brigade at Drury's Bluff and commanded it till the Confederate army retreated from Richmond. During the retreat he served in the corps of General Ewell. In 1866 he took command of the Peruvian navy with the rank of rear-admiral. During the war between Peru, Chile and Spain, he had Petersburg, Va., where he died June command of the combined squadrons of the two republics. He afterward settled in Pe 12, 1883. partments of Church history and doc- trine of the present generation, and must ucator; born in Bermuda in 1775; was graduated at William and Mary College 1797; studied law and practiced in of early Christianity. TUCKER, GEORGE, an American edgress in 1819-1825. For 20 years he was Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Virginia (1825-1845). He wrote for many journals and periodicals; was the author of "Letters on the Con- Professor of Moral Philosophy in the "Essays on Subjects of Taste," etc. 822); "The Valley of the Shenandoah" (1824), a novel; "Principles of Rent, 1866; 12, 1883.
American educator; born in Griswold, TUCKER, WILLIAM JEWETT, an Conn., July 13, 1839; was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1861, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 186 ordained in the Congregational Church fessor in Andover Theological Seminary and held several pastorates; was a prowhen he was called to the presidency of Dartmouth College in 1893. He retired Modern Society" (1911), and other (1910); "The Function of the Church in books. in 1909. He wrote "Public Mindedness"