Youngstown
a city of Ohio, the county-seat of Mahoning co. It is on the Mahoning river, and on the Baltimore and Ohio, the Erie, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburg and Lake Erie, and the Youngstown and Southern railroads.
The city has 320 miles of streets, of which 168 miles are paved. There are 180 miles of sewers. The city has an excellent system of parks. Mill Creek Park includes 485 acres, and is one of the largest and most beautiful natural parks in the United States. The notable buildings include Mahoning Institute of Art, a court house, the Reuben McMillan Free Library, Y.M.C.A., and Y.W.C.A. buildings, and many handsome business buildings. There are 49 public school buildings, including two high schools.
There are over 20,000 pupils enrolled in the public schools. The Catholic church maintains 12 schools, and there are several private educational institutions.
The city has developed in recent years Y. W. C. ASSOCIATIONS into one of the most important industrial to it the growth and importance of the steel industry is the most important and to it the growth and importance of the city have been due. There are over 50 blast furnaces, producing over 7,000,000 of castings. In addition there are coke tons of open hearth steel, and 25,000 tons of castings. In addition there are coke various kinds. Other industries include the manufacture of steel furniture and structural parts, steel sash, presses, steel cranes, engines, stoves, etc. Aside from the steel industry, there are manufacthe steel industry, there are manufactures of automobile trucks, flour, leather, powder, wagons, and rubber. The industries employ about 50,000 men. The city had an assessed valuation in 1919 of $215,260,960. There are five banks and three building and loan associations.
Pop. (1910) 79,066; (1920) 132,358.
The first YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN AS- SOCIATIONS, societies devoted to the spiritual, mental, social, and physical development of young women.
Young Women's Association was formed in London, England, in 1855. In the United States these associations grew out of the Ladies' Christian Union of New York, established in 1858, the first Young Women's Christian Association in this country being formed in Boston, In 1871 there were Mass., in 1866. three Young Women's Christian Associ- Mass., in 1866. In 1871 there were ations and 27 other women's associations. The associations since 1871 have tions. The associations since 1871 have distinct organization of young women's Christian associations in the colleges, all State Normal University, Normal, Ill., in November, 1872. The work in Young Women's Christian Associations was at first modeled on that of the Young Men's Christian Associations, but it was found should be different. that women's needs required that it should be different. An important The associahomes for young women. tions in large cities have gymnasiums, homes for young women. The associa- tions in large cities have gymnasiums, tures, employment bureaus, etc.
The work of the associations among tures, employment bureaus, etc.
The work of the associations among women is fourfold: Physical-systemclubs; social-receptions and socials in home-like rooms, boarding clubs, employment bureaus; intellectual libraries and reading rooms, educational classes, lecture courses, concerts, library, musical and art clubs; spiritual-Bible training reading rooms, educational classes, lec- ture courses, concerts, library, musical work, Gospel meetings. work, especially among the women, dur- The association did valuable war work, especially among the women, during the World War, and following its conclusion there was planned a world program through which emergency work maintained during the war should be organization carried on efficient service made permanent, and new work undertaken in Council carried on its work entirely in the interests of women and girls. The organization carried on efficient service in France, Czecho-Slovakia, Poland, Italy, Belgium, Rumania, Palestine, Constantinople, and in Russia, while it was possible to continue there. The amount expended for overseas work in 1919 was $3,000,000.
Belgian town of West Flanders; on a fertile plain, 30 miles S. S. W. of Bruges, and 8 from the French frontier. Ypres was at one time one of the most imporwas at one time one of the most imporand 8 from the French frontier. Ypres tant manufacturing towns in Flanders, of looms 4,000. Its staple manufacture century being 200,000, and the number of looms 4,000. Its staple manufacture once flourishing manufacture was the the World War the only remnant of its once flourishing manufacture was the cloth hall (Les Halles), standing in the great market place, in a rich style of Gothic architecture, and surmounted by a stately square tower or belfry, with a and restored in 1860; a part was added in 1730. There were fine frescoes in the great hall, and many statues on the outside. One of the wings was used as the city hall. The cathedral of St. Martin was a fine Gothic edifice (1221-1350), with an altar of Carrara marble, a a richly ri attributed to Van Eyck. The chief modattributed to Van Eyck. The chief modern manufactures were thread and lace. Ypres is a very old town, its origin dating from the 9th and 10th centuries. In 1688 it was strongly fortified by Louis XIV., and in the great European wars was frequently subject to sieges. Jansen was Bishop of Ypres. Some of the most severe fighting on the western front occurred in and around Ypres, and practically the entire town is now in ruins. Pop. before the World War about 20,000.