Zyrianovsk
a mining town in a rich silver-producing district of Semipalatinsk, near the S. frontier of Siberia, among the slopes of the Altai Mountains, on a head stream of the Irtish. The Zyrians of the neighborhood, a tribe of the Altai Tartars, are Shamanists, and live by hunting in the forests.
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COLLIER'S NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA A SELF-REVISING REFERENCE WORK WITH LOOSE-LEAF FEATURES YEARLY REVISION SERVICE 1921-1931 P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY NEW YORK Copyright, 1922 By P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY Copyright, 1923 By P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY Copyright, 1924 By P. F. COLLIER & SON COMPANY MANUFACTURED IN U. S. A.
INDEX
FOR THE YEARS 1921, 1922, AND 1923, INCLUSIVE
Previous Index should be discarded. The 1924 Title Page and Copyright Page should be used with this Index SUBJECT Abbas, Hilmi Pasha (former Grand Vizier of Turkey) Abbott, Grace Abbott, Lyman Abdul Medjid Effendi Abyssinia Accidents Acquired Characters Adams, Alva Blanchard Adrenalin Adrianople PAGE SUBJECT 59 Antioch College Antimicrobum 140 Arabia 53 Arbitration 88 Archaeology 53, 64 Arctic Explorations 105 Argentina 53 Arghan 54, 105 Armament Conference PAGE 4 108 109, 129 109 109 110 56, 110 56 4,47 105 Armenia 105 Arms, Traffic in 4,57 110 Arti Artillery 5, 46, 57, 103, 156 107 Ashurst, Henry F. 110 59 54 Association of Nations 5 1 Astraphobia 5 1, 54, 105 Atmometer 57 3,106 Atomic Energy 5 55 Audion 5 31 3, 45 57, 110 6, 57, 111 57 Advancement of Science, American Association for Aerograph Aerology Aeronautics Afghanistan Agonic Lines Agricultural Bloc Agricultural Conference Agricultural Credits Act Agricultural Relief Loan Act Aircraft Carrier 54 Army, U. S. 3,9 Augusta Victoria Australia 55, 102 Austria 106 Auto-intoxication
45 Automatic Machinery
3 Automatic Regulation 3 Automatic Telegraphy 1,3 Automatic Telephony 3 Automatic Train Control Automobile Accidents 54,58 6 Air Holes 6 Air Mail Service 6 Aland or Aaland Islands 58 Alaska 4, 46, 107 53 Albania Alexander I, King of Jugoslavia
4, 107 Autosuggestion 58,98 55 Azerbaijan 6,111 Allenby, Lord Edmund 59 Allied Debt Funding Commission 4, 19 Bahaism 6 Allotropy Alternation of Generations : 55 Baker, Ray Stannard 59 56 Baldwin, Stanley 111 Altimeter 4 Balfour, Arthur James 59 American Association for the Ad- Ballinger, Richard Achilles 88 vancement of Science 107 American Construction Council Ballistic Wind 6 56 Ball Lightning 7 American Farm Bureau Federation 56 Baltic States 7 American Law Institute American Legion 4, 46, 56, 103, 56 108 American Public Health Associa- Baptists Bangs, John Kendrick 31 111 Bar 7 tion 108 Barnard, Edward Emerson 88 American Revolution, Daughters of Barres, Maurice 140 the 108 Barthou, Louis 59 Amherst College Ammeter Amundsen, Roald ↑ Anaesthetics, New Andrews, Roy Chapman Angell, James Rowland Anglo-Japanese Treaty Anthropology (see Fossil Discoveries) Anti-Beer Act ::
108 Baruch, Simon 31 56 Baskerville, Charles 31 59 Battenberg, Prince Louis Alexander 31 108 Bayard, Thomas Francis 111 108 Beaufort Scale 7
8 Beck, James Montgomery 4,47 Belgium 7,59, 111 108, 125 Bell, Alexander Graham Benedict XV 45 Benesh (Benes), Edward 10, 45, 156 SUBJECT Benton, Guy Potter Berger, Victor L.
Berliner, Emile Bernhardt, Sarah Bertillon, Dr. Jacques Beta Ceti Bethmann-Hollweg Beveridge, Albert J.
Big Brother Movement Biggs, Dr. H. M.
Bioclimatic Law Biographical Continuations Birth Control Bispham, David S.
Blackwell, Antoinette Louisa Blocs, Legislative Blood Pressure Blue Laws Bok Peace Award Bolivia Bolivia-Chile-Peru Dispute Boll Weevil Bonaparte, Charles Joseph Bonus, Soldiers' Bonus Legislation Borah, William Edgar Bowditch, Charles Pickering Bowdoin College Boyden, Roland W..
Brazil Breakwaters, Pneumatic Briand, Aristide British Debt Settlement British Empire British Imperial Conference Brontides Brookhart, Smith W.
Bruce, William Cabell Bryan, William Jennings Bryce, Viscount James Budget, U. S.
Bulgaria Bulkeley, Morgan Gardiner INDEX PAGE SUBJECT 8 Cary, Annie Louise 60 Catalysis 60 Cavitation. 8,59, 112 Chambers, Charles Haddon Burlingame, Edward Livermore Burroughs, John Burton, Theodore E.
Butler, Howard Crosby 8 Charles I, ex-Emperor 31 Chemical Society, American 31 Chemical Elements 9 Chesterton, Gilbert K. 62 Chevalier, Albert 9 Child Labor 115 Child, Richard Washburn 116 Chile 9,42 China 63 Chlorophyll 31 Chordata 116 Churchill, Winston Leonard 9,116 Clark, Champ 60 Clarke, John Hessin 31 Clemenceau, Georges 116 Clews, Henry 63 Cloudbursts Cloudbursts 63, 116 Cnossus 10,36 Coal 8 Coal Fact-Finding Commission 63,74 Coal Strike, 1922 10 Cobb, Frank I. 10 Cochin, Baron Denys 10 Cockran, William Bourke 63 Cocos Island 116 Cocos Islands PAGE 140 Cecil, Lord Robert 112 88 Ceiling of Airplanes 10 112 Censorship of Motion Pictures 10 31 Central American Conference 66 60 Central American Federation 11 7 Chafin, Eugene Wilder 31 140 Chamber of Commerce Congress, 7 International 117 31 11,31 118 66,71 60 140 66 8,60 67, 99, 118 11, 67, 118 67 67 60 31 60 60 88 11 67 118 68, 102 68, 103 140 88 88 68 68 60 Colby, Bainbridge 8 31 Cold Light 68 Colds 68 64, 117 Colds, Origin of 118 88 Collins, Michael 88 88 Colombian Treaty 11,44 31 Colorado River Compact 68 60 Columbia 119 88 Columbia University 119 Butler, Pierce Buys Ballot's Law Byng, Sir Julian 64 Compass, Gyroscope 11,21 10 Concrete Ships 11 8 Conference on Disarmament 12,47 Congregational Church 119 Cable Act Cables, Submarine Caliphate, Ottoman Calories (Food) Canada Cancer Cannon, Joseph G.
Capacity, Electrical 10,65, 117 8 65 Capablanca, José 10, 13 64, 102 Constantine I of Greece 64,98 Constantinople 64 Constitution, Amendments to 64 Coolidge, Calvin 117 Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson Cooperative Marketing Copeland, Dr. Royal S.
Costa Rica Costa Rica-Panama Dispute 60,88 69 119 112 31 12 69 120 12,44 Capital Ships 10,30 Couéism 58 Capitulations Court of International Capper, Arthur Justice 12, 34, 160 Carnarvon, George Edward Stan- Couzens, James hope Molyneux 140 Crafts, Wilbur Fisk Caruso, Enrico 31 Cramp, W. M.
INDEX PAGE 70,87 60 Dawes, Charles Gates Day, J. R.
Day, William Rufus Debs, Eugene V..
Debts, War Delcassé Théophile SUBJECT Crissinger, Daniel Richard Critical Period of Crops Crocker Land Croker, Richard Crô Magnons Crop Forecasts Crops, Critical Periods Crowder, Enoch Herbert Crowd Psychology Cuba Culberson, Charles Allen Cumberland, Ernest Augustus Wilhelm Cummins, Albert Baird Curie, Marie S.
Curzon, Earl Cyclonopathy Czechoslovakia Dale, Porter Hinman Dalton Plan Danzig Dardanelles Dark Days Dasheen Daugherty, Harry M.
Davids, Thomas William Rhys Davis, Charles Henry Davis, John William Davison, Henry Pomeroy 120 Egypt: Archæological Research 71,109 SUBJECT 12 Eiffel, Gustav 12 Einstein, Albert 31,88 Einstein Theory 13 Electron Theory 13 Elements
13 Electronic Reactions 60 Embalming 13 Emmet, William Leroy 13,120 Emergency Tariff Act 60 England Entente, Little
141 Enver Pasha 112 Enzymes
8 Erzberger, Matthias
60 Esmond, Henry V. 14 Esperanto 69,120 Esthonia 121 Falkenhayn, Erich von 121 Fall, Albert Bacon 121 Fallows, Samuel Far Eastern Questions
14 Far Eastern Republic 60 15, 122 16 123 71 72 123 45 16.73, 76, 123 PAGE 83, 124 60,88 73 17 88 125 73, 124 88 60, 113 88 17,47 124 60, 112 Farm Bureaus
70 Farley, Edward P. 124 56,73
88 Farmer-Labor Party
31 Farms of United States 73 17 88 Fascism Farrand, Livingston 8 73 8,113 Feisal, Emir 18 141 Ferrel's Law 18 60, 141 Ferris, Woodbridge N. 74 8 Ferrymetal 74 121 141 Finland Fess, Simeon D. 60 124 De Pachmann, Vladimir Deschanel, Paul Eugene Louis De Valera, Eamon De Wet, Christian Diaz, General Armando Directional Wireless Direction Finder Dirigible Balloon Accidents Disarmament 113 88 Fish, Stuyvesant 141 Fiume 125 8,60, 113 Five-Power Treaties 31 18, 48, 125 60 Fleas, Infection by 125 14 Fletcher, A. B. 141 14 Flood Lighting Fletcher, Henry Prather. 18 18 14,47 Flowers, Forced Growth of 125 Focal Infections 74 Djemal Pasha 88 Dobson, Henry Austin 31 Fog Signals 19 Doppler's Principle 70 Folk, Joseph Wingage 141 Dow, Arthur Wesley 88 Ford, Henry 113 Drago, Luis Maria 31 Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act 74, 103 Dry Fog 14 Foreign Debts 19 Ductless Glands 70 Foreign Trade, U. S. 46 Duralumin 14 Forest Patrols, Aerial 1,19 Dutton, Edward Payson 141 Fossil Discoveries 125 Four-Power Treaty 19, 49 Earth, Age of 121 France 19, 74, 126 Earthquakes 121 Frazier, Lynn Joseph 75 Eclipse 122 Freycinet, Charles Louis de Saulce Economic Determinism 14 de 141 Ectoplasm 70 Frosts and Frost Protection 19 Educational Association, National 122 Fundamentalism 126 Education Week Education, World Conference on Galli-Curci, Amelita Edwards, Edward Irving Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Efficiency of Machines Garner, John Nance Egypt 15,71, 109, 122 Gas Masks INDEX SUBJECT PAGE SUBJECT PAGE Gas Therapy 127 Hough, Emerson .
Gases, Destructive 127 Houghton, Alanson Bigelow Gates, Merrill Edwards Geddes, Sir Eric Geocoronium George, David Lloyd George II Georgia (Caucasus) 88 Houghton, Rev. G. C. 8 Hughes, Charles Evans 21 Hughes, William Morris 113 Humidity 127 Humperdinck, Engelbert 21 Huneker, James Gibbons 141 8,61 61 78 31 31 Girl Scouts Glands Germany Germs and Bacteria Gerry, Peter Goelet Gibbons, James, Cardinal Gildersleeve, Dr. Basil L.
Glaze, Glazed Frost 21, 75, 127 Hungary 23,78, 131 128 Huntington, G. R. 141 61 Hurricane 23 31 141 Ide, Henry Clay 31 128 Immigration Restriction Law 24 128 Immigration (U. S.) 79,103 21 Index Plants 24 Gliders or Sail Planes 76 India 24,79 Goddard Rocket 21 Indirect Lighting 24 Gomez, José Miguel 31 Industrial Accidents 53 Gompers, Samuel 8,61 Industrial Relations Court 24 Goodyear, Professor W. H. 141 Influenza 131 Graupel Grayfish.
Great Britain Greece Gould, George Jay Goucher, Rev. John F.
Great Lakes to Gulf Waterway Greene, Francis Vinton Griffith, Arthur Gronna, Asle J.
Guam 21, 31, 76, 86, 128 141 Insects, Destructive 131 88 Institute of Politics 25 21 Interchurch World Movement 132 21 Insulin 132 16,76, 88, 123 Intarvin : 132 128 Interferometer 25 International Court 25,34 31 International Labor Office 79 21,88 Interstate Commerce 25,45 88 Irak 25, 29, 132 25, 79, 132 133 Guatemala Gyroscope • Haiti 22, 77, 102, 129 Hale, Frederick Hammond, John Hays Hanihara, Massanao Hare, Sir John Harland, Marion.
Hedjaz Helicopter Heliotherapy Helium Henry P. Davison Scholarship Herrick, Myron T.
Harding, Warren G.
Harrison, Frederic Harrison, Mrs. Burton Cary Harvard University Harvey, George B. McClellan Hawtrey, Sir Charles Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Hays, Will H.
Healy, Timothy Michael 129 Irish Free State 77, 129 Ismet Pasha 61 Japanese Naturalization Decision 103 31 Johnson, 88 Johnson, Hiram W. 88 Johnson, Magnus 31 Jones, Andrieus Arisieus 129 Jones, Nellie Grant Sartoris 8,113 Jowett, Rev. Dr. John Henry 141 Jugoslavia 23 8 Kala-Azar 77 Kansas. 129 Karageorgevitch, King Peter 23,55, 77, 129 Karolyi, Count Michael 130 Katathermometer 130 Kato, Baron Tomasaburo 130 Kellogg, Frank Billings 8 Kemal, Mustapha 21 Italy . 80,133 61 Japan 26, 81, 133 8, 113, 141 Jews 129 Jastrow, Morris 31 134 Johnson, General G. M. 141 61, 113 134 61 88 141 26, 134 134 134 31 61 26 141 61, 113 31,61 Hewitt, Peter Cooper 31 Kendrick, John B. 61 Hewlett, Maurice Henry 141 Kenyon, William S. 8 Hirsch, Dr. Emile Gustav 141 Kiel Canal 135 Hitchcock, Gilbert M. 61 Kiau-Chau 49,81 Hitler, Adolf 130 Kilocycle 135 Holland 130 Kinautograph 58,81 Honduras 130 King, William Henry Hormone 77 King, William L. Mackenzie Hornung, Ernest William 31 Kitchin Claude Horsepower, Measure of 131 Knapp, Martin Augustine SUBJECT Labor Banks 76,82, 123 Knossos Koo, Vy-Kyuin Wellington Korolenko, Vladimir Krehbeil, H. E.
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeievitch Ku Klux Klan INDEX PAGE SUBJECT 141 Memel 31 Mercury Vapor Boiler 31 Measles 61 Medical Association, American 31 Mellon, Andrew William 141 Memel 31 Mercury Vapor Boiler 26, 46, 81, 103, 135 Kuroki, Count Tamesada Kuropatkin, Alexi Nicolaievitch 136 Labor, American Federation of Labor Party, British Mesopotamia (Irak) 88 Methodist Episcopal Church PAGE 114 84, 138 138 29,85, 138 138 31 Mexico 29, 44, 85, 139 Minimum Wage Law 82 Minnesota 136 Miller, Charles Ransom Miller, Nathan L, 65,85 141 88 29,61 Labor Unions Liability Decision 82,103 Minimum Wage Law 139 Ladd, Edwin Fremont 82 Minnesota 139 Ladd, George Trumbull . 31 Mob Psychology 13,29 La Follette, Robert M.
La Follette, Robert M. Landis, Kenesaw Mountain Lane, Franklin K. 61, 113 Mohan Mohammed VI, Sultan 61 8 Monaco, Albert Prince of 88 31,61 Montagu, Edwin S. 8 Lasker, Albert D.
Lassen Peak Latvia Lenin, Nikolai Liberia Liberian Loan Malta Mandates Lausanne Conference Lausanne Treaty Law, A. Bonar League of Nations 27 Moon, Topography of 82,136 Moore, John Bassett 136, 154 Morley, John 27,82, 136 Morocco, Spanish Zone League of Women Voters, National 137 Mosul (Vilayet) Leland-Stanford Jr. University League of Nations Leland-Stanford Jr. University Lightning, Artificial Light Year Lincoln Memorial Liberia Lithuania Little Entente Lloyd-George, David Locomotives, Turbine Lodge, Henry Cabot Lithuania Loti, Pierre Little Entente Lloyd-George, David Locomotives, Turbine Luciferin Luminous Animals and Plants Luxemburg Lynching McAdoo, William Gibbs McCarl, J. R.
McCumber, Porter J.
MacDonald, James Ramsay.
Luxemburg McLean, George Payne MacNider, Hanford Magellanic Clouds Maine Mann, James Robert Marketing, Cooperative 141 Murphy, John Francis 83 Nansen, Fridtjof 83 National Conventions Naval Oil Reserves 83, 137, 138 Naval Oil Reserves
83,124 Naval Limitation Treaty
61,113 Naval Treaties
83,100 Navies of the World Navy, U. S. 114 Near East 7,28 Negroes 137 Nelson, Knute 141 83 New, Harry Stewart
84 Newberry, Truman H. 137 Newberry Case
New Stars or Novae 84,114 Nicholas I of Montenegro 27 88 139 8,61 82,87 Moratorium 61,141 Morocco 85 141 139 85 85 137 Motor, Electric 139 141 141 Muscle Shoals Mussolini, Benito 31 137 Muscle Shoals 86 83,102 Mussolini, Benito 86,114 137 Mustapha Kemal Pasha 26, 61, 114 27 61 140 140 30 61 Na 141 Necrology 86, 103 86,140 31, 88, 140 32, 141 114, 141 130, 141 61 61 32 89 114 New York 141 138 New Zealand 141 61 Nicaragua 141 31 61 Nicholas, Grand Duke 61 84,114 Nicholas I of Montenegro 61 Nicholas, Grand Duke Nicaragua 141 28 Nicholson, Samuel D. 142 84 Nikisch, Arthur 31 138 Nilsson, Christina 31 28 Niton 32 28,84 Nixon, General Sir John 31 88 Nobel Prize 138 Noctilucent Clouds 138 Non-Partisan League 84 Nordau, Max 141 Northcliffe, Lord 32,89 Norwegian Ship Contract Case Noxious Gas Treaty ( INDEX SUBJECT PAGE SUBJECT PAGE 102 Planet Deep Northwestern University 142 Planetesimal Hypothesis Norway 142 Planetoid 145 32,48 Plastic Surgery 92 Plastic Wood 93 31, 33, 88, 140 Platypus or Duck-bill 93
114 Plunkett, Sir Horace C. 62
33 Pneumatic Breakwaters 36 31 Pneumonia 145 33 Poincaré, Raymond 62 91 Poindexter, Miles 62 89,91 Poison Gas Treaty 36,48 36, 93, 145 62 Obituary Obregon, Alvaro Officers Reserve Corps O'Gorman, Thomas Oildag Oil Shale Oil: World Control Oklahoma Okuma, Shigenobu Old Age Opium Traffic Opp, Julie Oppau Disaster Optophone Orth, Samuel Peter Pacific Questions Packing Industry Padgett, Lemuel P..
Page, Thomas Nelson Page, Walter Hines Palestine Pallophotophone Panama Panama Canal Pan-American Conference Pardo Bazan, Emilia Parrish, Randall Parsec Passion Players Peace Treaty, German Pearson, Sir Arthur Pelton Wheel Penfield, Frederic Courtland Pennsylvania Penrose, Boies Peonage "Peppo" Pepper, George Wharton 142 Poland 31 Pomerene, Atlee 89 Porter, Gene Stratton 33,142 Porter, Horace 31 Porto Rico 21,33 Portugal 33 Potter, Paul M. 31 Pound, Roscoe Presbyterian Church 33, 47, 49 Princeton University 90 Pritchard, Jeter Connelly 89 Prohibition : 145 31 36, 46, 93, 145 89 Protestant Episcopal Church 62 Prothero, Sir George 33, 143 Protons 90 Prouty, Charles Azro 143 Psychical Research 34,143 Pumpelly, Raphael 143 31 Radcliffe College 141 Radicalism 34 Radio 143 Radio Activity 44 Radio Broadcasting 31 Radio Compass 143 Radio Pictures 36,146 31 36 146 147 89 147 31 93 141 147 147 51, 147 14,37 90 Radio Control 37 89 Radio Lighthouses 93 148 31 Radio Searchlight or Directional 144 Sender 94 144 Radio Telephony 37,50 8,62, 114 Railroad Accidents 53 Railroads, U. S. 37, 46, 148 45 94, 104 141 37 148 114 89 148 62 37 141 89 15,37 149 31 62 Rent Law Decisions 37,45 62 Reparations, Reparation Commission 35 Reserve Officers' Training Corps 37,94 Permanent International Court 34, 144 Pershing, John J.
Persia Peru Peter I of Serbia Petroleum, Origin of Petroleum Resources Phenology Philippine Islands Photographs, Transmission of Photosynthesis Physiography Philippines Phonofilm Pidgin, Charles Felton Pilot Balloons Pinchot, Gifford Pinkerton, W. A.
Pitney, Mahlon Pittman, Key Pius X.
Pius XI 8 Railway Rate Decision 35,90,144 Railway Shopmen's Strike 91,99,144 Rainey, Paul J. 31 Rain Making 144 Railways 91,144 Ralston, Samuel Moffett 35 Rathenau, Walter 35, 144 Reconstruction in France 35,43 Reed, James A. 92 Regenerative Braking 92 Reid, Wallace 144 Rejuvenation Theory 145 Relativity Theory 141 Religious Controversies 35 Reinach, Joseph 62 Reinach, Paul Samuel 141 Remote Control Sharp, William Graves Shipping Board SUBJECT Revenue Act of 1921 Rheumatism Rhineland Rhodesia Rhondda, Viscountess Ribot, Alexandre Richards, Joseph William Rime Roadrunner Robinson, Joseph T.
Robinson, William Rockefeller, William Roe, Charles Francis Roentgen, William Conrad von Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Roosevelt Memorial Association Rosen, Roman Romanovitch Rubber, Synthetic Ruhr and Reparations Rumania Rural Credits Rural Schools Russell, Lillian Russia Saint-Saens, Charles C.
Sakhalin Sales Tax Saltus, Edgar Sanford, Edward Terry Santley, Sir Charles Santo Domingo Sargent, Franklin Haven Schurman, Jacob Gould Schreiner, Olive Scotland Seipel, Ignatius Sèvres Treaty Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry Shafroth, John Franklin Shantung Agreement INDEX PAGE SUBJECT 45 Sonnino, Baron Sidney.
149 Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquin 127, 149 Sounding Balloons
94 South Africa, Union of 8,62 Spain
89 Spence, Clara B. 31 Spiral Nebulæ 38 Spitzka, Dr. Edward Anthony 94 Spofford, Harriet Prescott 114 Stanchfield, John Barry 31 Stanwood, Edward 89 Star Map 89 Star Streaming 89 Stars, Heat of 62 Steinmetz, Charles 38 Stinnes, Hugo
31 Storer, Bellamy 149 Stratosphere 149 Straus, Oscar S. 38,150 Strays or Static
38,45 Stresemann Gustav
94 Sub-Machine Gun 89 Sudan 38, 95, 150 Submarine Telegraphy Submarine Treaty 31 Suggestion
39,96 Sun 39 Sun-Yat-Sen 31 Super-Electric Power Zone 96 Supreme Court 88 Surgeons, American College of 39,96 Surgery, Plastic 141 Sutherland, George 31 Sutherland, Howard 151 Syria Shaughnessy, Lord Thomas George 141 Tanner, Bishop B. T. Shipping PAGE 41 97 97, 151 141 41 89 31 31 141 152 41 152 141 41 89 42 62 42 152 98 42,48 98 152 62 42 152 153 153 99 62 8 Sweden 153 39 Switzerland 153 42 87,96
31 Tacna-Arica Dispute
31 Taft, William H. 42, 99, 153 8,62 40,49 Takamine, Jokichi 89 89 Tangier, Morocco 99, 154
96 Taussig, Edw 151 Taxation Bishop B. T. 89 aussig, Edward David 31 154 Shipping Subsidies Siddall, John M.
Ship Stabilizing Shipstead, Dr. Henrik Shrady, Henry Merwin Siberia Sigsbee, Rear Admiral C. D.
Silent Zones 97 Tax Exempt Securities 40 Taylor, Bert Leston 97 Taylor, Charles H. 89 Tele-autograms 40,97 Telephony, Long Distance 141 Telephotography 154 31 31 154 28, 43 43 141 Terhune, Mary Virginia 89 Silesia 40 Thayer, Abbot Handerson 31 Sims, William Snowden 40 Thayer, William Roscoe 141 Sleeping Sickness 8,62 Thoburn, Bishop James Mills 89 151 Thomas, Augustus 62 Sleet Smith, Alfred Emanuel 62 Tidal Power 40 Thrace, Eastern and Western 99 43 Smith, Rev. William Austin 89 Tidal Waves 99 Smoke Precipitation Smoot, Reed Smyrna 62 Townsend, Charles Elroy 40 Tower, Charlemagne 141 Charles Elroy 97 Traffic in Arms Solar Apex 41 Trammel, Park Solvay, Ernest Somerset, Lady Henry 89 Transjordania 31 Transmutation of Elements Sonic Wave Transmission 41 Transportation Act of 1920 SUBJECT SUBJECT Treves, Sir Frederick INDEX PAGE 141 Weather Service for Aviators PAGE Tryparsamide 154 Wei-Hai-Wei 49 Turbine Locomotives 100 Wendell, Barrett 31 Turkey Turnbull, Frank S. 31, 44, 86, 100, 154 Wetmore, George Peabody 31 141 Wheat Rust 104 Tutankhamen 71, 101 Wheeler, Burton Kendali 159 Twelve-Hour Day 155 White, Edward Douglass 31 Typhoid Fever . 155 White, William Allen 62 White Slave Traffic: International 49 Utah Ulster Unemployment Conference Underwood, Oscar United States Army United States Budget United States Foreign Relations Ur of the Chaldees Vacuum Tube, Thermionic Van Deventer, Sir Louis Jacob Vaughan, Bernard Vedder, Elihu Venizelos, Elutherios Veterans' Bureau Villa, Francisco 101 Whooping Cough 159 44, 46 114 William II, ex-Kaiser Wiggin, Kate Douglas 141, 62 44, 101, 155 46, 103, 156 Williams College 25, 50, 159 Wilson, Henry Braid 50
156 Wilson, Sir Henry H. 89
157 Wilson, Woodrow 115, 141 104, 158 Wind Aloft Maps 2,50
158 Wired Wireless 104 Wireless Telephony 50 Woman Suffrage Alliance 160 47,50 Woman Suffrage Amendment De- 89 cision 45
89 Woman's Party, National 159
89 Woman Suffrage Decision 45,52 62, 114 Woman's Universal Alliance 160 47,158 Women's Clubs, General Federa- 141 tion 160 Villiers, Frederic Vilna Vital Statistics, U. S. 47, 104, 159 Wood, Artificial 89 Women's Wage Law Decision 103 160 Von Ludendorff, General Erich 46,159 Wood, Leonard 8,115 115 Wood-Forbes Report (Philippines) 35,52 Woodrow Wilson Foundation 52 Wade, James F. 31 Work, Dr. Hubert 52 Wales (census) .
Wanamaker, John Warfield, Benjamin Breckenridge War Finance Corporation War Prisoners War Rules Commission Washington Conference, 1921-1922 Washington University (St. Louis) Wasserman Test Watson, Admiral John Crittenden Watson, Thomas Edward 16,47 World Court 160 89 Wotherspoon, William Wallace 31 31 Wright, Luke E. 89 47 Wu Ting-Fang 62,89 159 47, 49 X-Rays 150 47 159 Yamagata, Aritomo 31 159 Yap Treaty 52 Yeats, Williams Butler Young, Owen D.
Watterson, Henry Weather Forecasting 49 Zangwill, Israel A AEROLOGY, the study of the upper air or "free" atmosphere . Aerological investigations are carried on principally by means of kites and balloons (see SOUNDING BALLOONS, PILOT BALLOONS), and have come to assume new practical importance in connection with aeronautics, in addition to throwing new light on many problems in meteorology. The U.
S. Weather Bureau now prepares each day for the use of its forecasters a series of charts showing conditions aloft at a number of stations, but these charts are still at a trial stage and are not yet published, though they may be consulted . (See AERONAUTICS: Weather Service for Aviators.) AERONAUTICS. Post-war commercial and scientific applications.
Air Mail Service. - The U. S. Air Mail Service was inaugurated May 15, 1918, the first route established being that between New York and Washington. A number of other intercity routes were established during 1919 and 1920, and on Sept. 10, 1920, a complete transcontinental service was put into operation between New York and San Francisco, with several connecting lateral routes. Owing to lack of appropriations, however, the , however, the the lateral routes were obliged to be discontinued in 1921, leaving only the transcontinental route in operation at the beginning of 1922. On this route twentyone airplanes were flying daily with a total daily mileage of 5,360 miles. The average performance for the four months ending Oct. 31, 1921, was over 98 per cent perfect and the number of letters carried in these months was almost 14,- 000,000. There were no fatalities on regular trips during this period. A record flight was made by mail planes between Salt Lake City and San Francisco on Oct. 14, 1921, the total time consumed being 6 hours 1 minute, as compared with 24 hours 15 minutes, the schedule time of the fast mail trains between these cities. A through transcontinental flight, made as a trial Feb. 22, 1921, was completed in a total elapsed time of 33 1-3 hours, the average speed being 104 miles per hour. This test included night flying, however, which is not yet regular. It awaits the establishment of beacon stations and other safeguards. The regular schedule time is 72 hours, or two days less than the fastest transcontinental railroad service.
Passenger Service. - The first expectations of a rapid development of regular air lines for the transportation of passengers and freight have not been fully realized either in America or Europe, owing in large part to the worldwide economic depression following the World War. A number of European air routes have been put in operation, but of these the majority are controlled by majority majority are controlled by French companies which are heavily subsidized by the French Government. The first regular American passenger service was established Nov. 1, 1920, between 1, 192 but into Key West and Havana. Six 11-passenger aeromarine flying boats were put into were put operation between these points, covering the distance of 90 miles in a little more than an hour on the average. The first annual report on commercial lines in the United States was published Nov. 20, 1921, and recorded the carrying of 6,814 passengers, a total of 95,020 miles without mishap in the year ending Oct. 27. The services maintained included the Key West-Havana line, Florida, Bahama Islands, New York, Atlantic City, and New England ports, New York sight-seeing, New York- Albany, Great Lakes region, and Mississippi Valley. Of these the Key West-Havana line operated regularly during the winter months, after which the "Santa Maria" of that line made a 7,000-mile flight up the Atlantic Coast to New York, thence to Montreal, Chicago, New Orleans, and back to Key West. In the Great Lakes region 500 passengers were carried 7,491 miles. It is estimated that twelve hundred aircraft were engaged in commercial flying in the United States in 1921, but the great majority of these operated locally in special services, "joy riding," "beach hopping," etc. Accidents for the first half of 1921 included fourteen fatalities, or one for every 325,000 miles flown. On the regular services reported above there were no injuries to either passengers or employees. Airway plans for the United States have been formulated by the Air Service, War Department, and include as a first step the establishment of a model airway between Washington and Dayton , Ohio, such airways to be open under proper regulations to any owners or operators of aircraft .
Air Forest Patrols.-Army airplanes are now regularly employed by the U. S.
Forest Service in the locating of fires and transporting fire fighters to the scenes of action. During 1920 almost five hundred fires were located in Cali- AERONAUTICS fornia and Oregon alone by the Air Forest Patrol at an estimated saving of $25,000,000 worth of timber.
Aerial Fish Patrols. - During 1919 seaplanes from the North Island Air Station, San Diego, Cal., made regular flights in aid of the fisheries of that vicinity, the discovery of any schools of fish being communicated by wireless to the fishing fleets; and in 1920 a daily patrol of U. S. navy seaplanes was established over Chesapeake Bay as an aid to the menhaden fisheries there.
Aerial Mapping. The use of airplanes in the photographic mapping of a country is merely merely the extension and enlargement of a similar service rendered by aeronauts during the World War. Such photographic mapping is especially valuable for the rapid revision of maps requiring changes on account of the works of man, and is also employed with advantage in preliminary surveys of regions not easily accessible, but necessary to explore in connection with proposed engineering projects. Important surveys of the latter kind have been made in India, in the Nile region, in Mesopotamia, and in the Philippines. During 1921 an area of 500 square miles in the White Mountains was photographed by airplanes for a map to be used by the U. S. Forestry Service. Another highly important use of aerial photography is the charting of shoals and submerged rocks and shifting sand bars on coasts, the camera being capable of piercing water to considerable depths under right conditions. Dr. Willis T. Lee of the U.
S. Geological Survey has recently charted many submerged features in the waters around Chesapeake Bay by this method.
Scientific Uses. -The employment of airplanes in meteorological observation is still limited, but is bound to increase, in the opinion of meteorologists. The advantages of astronomical photography from high gh elevations in the atmosphere have led to experiments in this line with encouraging results. At the request of Professor Todd of Amherst, two aviators of the U. S. navy ascended to a height of 15,000 feet on May 2, 1920, and secured advantageous photographs of a lunar eclipse of that date.
Weather Service for Aviators. -Almost all of the leading meteorological offices of the world are engaged in the development of regular wind and weather services for the guidance of aviators. Special reports for aeronauts began to be made in Germany as early as 1909, and two years afterward an aeronautical weather bureau for the whole of Germany was established with headquarters at Lindenberg Observatory. The first daily charts AERONAUTICS of winds at various levels were made in Italy in 1913, but the great advances and extensions in this service came with the World War, when continuous reports and bulletins were issued for the use of the fleets of aircraft. Since the war the work has been continued by a number of the leading weather bureaus, the British Meteorological Office being especially active in aeronautical meteorology. It publishes wind and cloud maps three times daily for different levels over the British Isles. The U. S. Weather Bureau prepares daily charts of winds and other conditions aloft at various stations in the country, but these charts are not yet regularly published. A method has been tried of indicating winds at various levels on the same chart. Arrows attached to miniature posts indicate the direction of the winds at such elevations; figures are used to indicate wind velocities; and letters indicate other conditions, as clouds, fog, or rain.
New Speed and Altitude Records.- During 1921 a navy racer piloted by Bert Acosta made 187.8 miles per hour, and an army De Haviland plane reduced the time between New York and Washington to 79 minutes; previous record 86 minutes. On Sept. 28, 1921, Lieutenant John A. MacReady of the U. S. Air Service, flying at Dayton, Ohio, established a new altitude record of 40,800 feet (corrected to 34,508½ feet) above sea level, breaking the previous record of Major R. D. Schroeder, 36,020 feet (corrected to 33,- 113 feet), made Feb. 27, 1920. At 39,000 feet, in MacReady's flight, ice formed on the oxygen tank, and at 40,800 feet (according to the reading on his altimeter) his engine died, after which he glided safely to ground.
Dirigible Balloon Accidents. Two outstanding disasters to dirigible balloons, occurring respectively in August, 1921, and February, 1922, raised serious questions in the minds of both military men and the general public as to the value of this type of aircraft. On Aug. 24, 1921, the giant dirigible "Z R-2" broke in two at Hull, England, killing 42 men. It had been built for the United States Government, and was the largest airship ever constructed, being 695 feet in length and containing some 2,700,000 cubic feet of gas. On Feb. 21, 1922, the dirigible airship "Roma," through some accident to her rudder, plunged to the earth, coming into contact with high-tension electric power wires, which ignited the gas, with horrible results. The proposal to use helium gas instead of hydrogen has been widely discussed, helium being noninflammable and the lightest of gases next to hydrogen.
AERONAUTICS, MILITARY AERONAUTICS, MILITARY.
Airplanes vs. Battleships. -A widely discussed test of the relative military values of airplanes and battleships was made in June and July, 1921, off the Virginia Capes. A number of former German submarines and the former scout cruiser "Frankfort" were first sent quickly to the bottom by army and navy bombing planes, and on July 21 the former German dreadnought "Ostfriesland" was likewise bombed and sunk. This was said to be the first case of a large battleship ever being sunk by aerial bombing, and the matter attracted wide attention.
Sixty-nine bombs in all were dropped, and of these 16 were hits; but the test was not made under conditions of actual warfare, since the "Ostfriesland" was anchored and therefore without ability to maneuver, and was also without the means of defense in antiaircraft guns, etc. A more important test was that made with the former U. S. battleship "Iowa," which was radio-controlled during the bombing and was moved at a speed of about four and a half knots per hour. Over 80 bombs were dropped from an altitude of 4,000 feet, and of these only two were hits. A joint army and navy board headed by General Pershing made a report on the results of the experiments, in which it was declared to be their judgment that the battleship remained the backbone of the nation's defense. The radius of action of airplanes carrying heavy bombs was found to be limited; their ability to hit the target under battle conditions was declared to be much smaller than in the "Ostfriesland" and "Iowa" tests; and the protection of the modern battleship against such bombing was also declared to be much more complete than in the case of the old ships sunk. The bombing plane was declared to be limited in effectiveness to coast or base defense, except as its field of action might be widened by aircraft carriers.
AFGHANISTAN AFGHANISTAN Treaty of amity and alliance with Soviet Russia (Feb. 28, 1921). New treaty with Great Britain (Nov. 22, 1921), agreeing that no Russian agents be received and recognizing full Afghan independence.
AGRICULTURAL BLOC. (See BLOCS.) AGRICULTURAL CONFERENCE. (See UNITED STATES, 1921-1922.) AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY, a branch of applied science concerned principally with the relations existing between meteorological conditions and crops. The first textbook on the subject in the English language, written by J.
ALAND ISLANDS Warren Smith of the U. S. Weather Bureau, was published in 1920, although elaborate researches and applications of discoveries were made in Russia under the direction of Prof. Brounov for many years prior to 1914. (See CRITICAL PERIOD OF CROPS, PHENOLOGY.) AIRCRAFT CARRIER. A vessel of war of large displacement, designed for the purpose of carrying aircraft, from which aircraft can be launched and upon which they can be landed. By the Five- Power Naval Treaty, entered into at Washington between the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, the total tonnage of aircraft carriers allowed to each nation is limited as follows: 135,000 tons apiece for the United States and Great Britain, 81,000 tons for Japan, and 60,000 tons apiece for France and Italy. No aircraft carrier exceeding 27,000 tons displacement may be built, except that each nation may possess two not to exceed 33,000 tons. The guns of aircraft carriers are limited to 8-inch caliber, and sizes over 6 inches are limited in number.
AIR HOLES. A term widely used by aviators of all countries (Fr. Trou d'air, Ger. Luftloch, etc.) to describe any condition in the atmosphere which abruptly decreases the "lift" of an airplane; usually a downward air current. AIR MAIL SERVICE. (See AERO- NAUTICS.) ALAND or AALAND ISLANDS, an archipelago of about three hundred islands lying between Sweden and Finland in the Baltic Sea. The inhabitants are largely of Swedish origin, as are those of the neighboring coast towns of Finland proper. Until 1809 the islands were held by Sweden, but in that year were ceded to Russia following the seizure and practical annexation of Finland by that empire. An agreement between England, France, and Russia after the Crimean War of 1854 forbade the erection of forstrongly fortified by Russia during the tifications on the islands, but they were World War, constituting the main protection of Petrograd against German attack. Following the Finnish declaration of independence in 1917, a movement was started by the Swedish inhabitants of the islands to separate them from Finland and unite them to Sweden, and they were seized first by the latter nation and then by Germany during 1918. After Germany's downfall both Finland and Sweden laid claim to their possession and in 1920 the dispute was brought before the League of Nations at the instance of Great Britain. A commission consisting ALASKA of a Belgian, a Swiss, and an American (Abiam Elkus, former U. S. ambassador to Turkey) was appointed by the League Council to examine the question, Sweden and Finland agreeing in the meantime to take no action prejudicial to peace. The commission reported, May 10, 1921, recommending that the islands be awarded to Finland, of which they were held to constitute a natural geographical appendage. The finding was confirmed by the Council of the League, which, however, in awarding the islands to Finland, added certain requirements of guarantees for the better protection of the interests of their inhabitants. Sweden protested against the decision, but recognized its validity and agreed to abide by it. A convention signed at Geneva Oct. 20, 1921, provides for the non-fortification of the islands and their neutralization in case of war. The signers of this treaty, in addition to Finland and Sweden, are Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Poland, Esthonia, and Latvia.
ALASKA. (See UNITED STATES, 1921- 1922.) ALBANIA. Following a series of international agreements made in 1919 and 1920, by which Albania was practically partitioned among her neighbors, a national convention of Albanians was held at Lushnja early in 1920 and a government was established at Tirana with the immediate object of resisting alleged Italian aggression. Albanian volunteers, recruited largely in America, took the town of Tepelen in May, 1920, and fighting followed throughout the country. Peace with Italy was accomplished by a treaty in August which provided for Italy's withdrawal from the country.
French troops were likewise withdrawn in September, and Albania was free of foreign control. In December, 1920, the government at Tirana applied for Albania's admission to the League of Nations and the application was unanimously granted by the League Assembly. Complicated boundary questions soon arose, however, owing to the claims of Jugo- Slavia in the north and Greece in the south, in northern Epirus. Albania appealed to the League of Nations, which referred the question to the Council of Ambassadors. The several agreements of 1919 and 1920 were finally set aside by the nations involved and the frontiers of 1913 were substantially renewed. On Nov. 5, 1921, the government at Tirana was formally recognized by the nations represented on the Supreme Council, and a commission of three impartial persons was sent to Albania to report to the ARMENIA league on the execution of the boundary decisions. Jugo-Slavia consented to withdraw her troops from the territory she had claimed and invaded, but her representatives announced that she would continue to urge reconsideration of the boundary question. The Albanian Government as constituted by the Lushnja convention consists of a Regency Council of two Christians and two Mohammedans, a Parliament elected by the people, and a cabinet of ministers responsible to Parliament.
ALLIED DEBT-FUNDING COMMIS- SION. (See FOREIGN DEBTS.)