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Kings of the Queensberry Realm
W. W.
Naughton (The Continental Publishing Co., Chicago), 1902; Self-Defence, R. G. Allanson- Wynn and C. E. Walker (Lawrence and Bullen), 1903; Manuel de Boxe et de Canne, E. André (Garnier), 1904; Pugilato e lotta per la defesa personale, A. Conquet (U. Hoepli, Milano), 1898; Boxing at a Glance, J. M. Wright (Upcott Gill), BREAM (Abramis brama).
ANGLING (COARSE FISH).] Fins [See Length of head 5 to 6, of caudal fin 4 to 43, height of body 3 to 33 in the total length. Eyes-diameter 4 to 5 in the length of the head, ½ diameters from the end of the snout, and 2 diameters apart.
Body oval, elevated, and strongly compressed. Head small, snout short and obtuse, mouth protractile and small, upper jaw slightly the longer and reaching posteriorly to below the anterior nostril, lips moderately developed. Teeth-pharyngeal; 5/5 compressed and notched at their extremity. the dorsal commences slightly behind the base of the ventral, and about midway between the front edge of the eye and the base of the caudal fin, and just below the end of the highest point of the dorsal profile, while its last ray is on a line with the first of the anal; it is highest anteriorly. Pectoral inserted low down, and as long as the head excluding the snout, it reaches to above the commencement of the ventral, and the latter to the origin of the anal. The anal fin is falciform, and highest anteriorly. Caudal deeply forced. Scales -of medium size, higher than wide, 6½ or 7½ between the lateral line and base of ventral fin. On the edge of the abdomen between the ventral and anal fins, the scales do not pass across, forming a sharp keeled edge. Lateral-line-curves downwards, passing along the lower third of the body to the base of the caudal fin. Coloursback of a dull olive or sea-green, lighter on the sides and beneath, the abdomen being silvery tinged with pink. In old fish the body becomes more of a yellowish colour.
Fins brownish, the pectoral rays being often tinged with scarlet, which colour may be seen in the first few rays of all the other fins. Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. ii., p. 193.
BREAM-FLAT OR WHITE BREAM (Abramis blicca). [See ANGLING (COARSE FISH).] Length of head 5 to 54, of caudal fin 5, height of body 34 to 31 in the total length.
Eyes-diameter 31 to 44 in the length of the head, 1 diameters from the end of the snout, and 2 diameters apart. Body oblong, elevated, and compressed; dorsal profile in an almost regular curve to the commencement of the dorsal fin, from whence to the caudal it is somewhat concave; head rather small; snout short and obtuse; upper jaw slightly the longer, extending backwards almost to beneath the front edge of the orbit; mouth protractile, lips rather thick. Teeth-pharyngeal in [BREAM two rows, 5-4, 2-3/3-2, 4-5. Fins-dorsal commences behind the insertion of the ventral and about midway between the front edge of the eye and the base of the caudal [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BREAM-FLAT. fin, and just beyond the termination of the highest point of the dorsal profile, while it extends usually to above the third or fourth anal ray, but occasionally not quite so far.
Pectoral inserted low down, and as long as the head from behind the nostrils; it reaches to above the commencement of the ventral, which latter does not extend to so far as the anal. Anal falciform, highest anteriorly. Caudal forked. Scales-of medium size, higher than wide, five to six rows between the lateral line and the base of the ventral fin. On the abdominal edge, between the ventral and anal fins, the scales do not pass across, forming a keel. Lateral line-passes downwards and is continued to the base of the caudal fin. Colourssilvery, darkest along the back, sides tinged with rose-red, fins of a bluish colour, the dorsal, anal, and caudal, with dark outer margins, the pectorals and ventrals tinged with red. Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. ii., p. 197.
BREAM, SEA (Pagellus centrodontus). [See SEA FISHING.] Length of head 3 to 4, of caudal fin 5 to 51, height of body 34 to 31 in the total length. Eyes-34 to 31 diameters in the length of the head, I diameter from the end of the snout, and also apart. Interorbital space flattened. Preorbital wider anteriorly than it is posteriorly, its greatest depth being scarcely equal to half its length : it is unnotched over the posterior end of the maxilla. Opercle about twice as high as wide. Jaws of equal length in front; the maxilla reaches to beneath the front edge or even anterior third of the eye.
Posterior nostril the largest and obliquely oval. Teeth-three or four irregularly BROADSWORD] placed rows of rounded teeth of different sizes laterally and posteriorly in either jaw, none on vomer, palatine, bones, or tongue.
Fins-dorsal spines rather strong, the fourth and fifth the longest, from whence they decrease in length; rays shorter than the spincs, the last two somewhat thickened but not scale nor adherent together; Donovan observes that in his example there were thirteen spines and eleven soft rays in the dorsal fin, the same number being shown by the artist. Pectoral as long as the head. Ventral not extending so far as the vent. Third anal spine somewhat longer than the second. Caudal deeply forked. Scales-finely ctenoid, seven rows between the eye and the angle of the preopercle. Colours-orange-scarlet, becoming lighter beneath. A large black spot on the shoulder intersected by the lateral line, but is absent in the young. [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SEA BREAM.
Couch believed that it does not appear till they are twelve months old. Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. i., p. 36.
BROADSWORD. - This weapon-designed for both cutting and thrusting, but pre-eminently for the former, as the rapier for the latter has been the typical arm of the Englishman for four centuries, during which it has varied considerably in form.
In its early days it had only a plain cross hilt, sometimes accompanied by an outer ring, and a double-edged blade; it was then used for attack only, and the defence was made with its faithful companion, the hand buckler. Later on, this little shield, being irksome to carry on the person, went out of use, and the sword had to be employed both for offence and protection. The masters of the Elizabethan period had to teach the use of "verie manye weapons," mostly accompanied by an arm of defence carried in the left hand; but among their lessons they all laid considerable stress on the management of the "short syngle sword," which in course of time came of necessity to be provided with a "close" or basket hilt. In the last three centuries we find but very few works on the subject.
The men who practised the art professionally were rough fighting fellows, skilful in the use of their weapons, and some of them possessed of the rare faculty of imparting their knowledge to others; but they were mostly unlettered men and unable to record it in book form. What we know of the earlier stages of the art we owe mainly to enthusiastic amateurs. 66 66 وو 66 We must consider first the man who should be regarded as the father of English broadsword play, George Silver, who published in 1599 a little book named Paradoxes of Defence, which contains interesting matter but no instructive details. He afterwards wrote and wrote only, for the works exist but in MS. form-two other books, Brief Instructions on my Paradoxes of Defence, and Rules of Defence to be observed in open Fyght, &c., which are full of clear and concise information. In Silver's time the lunge, as we understand it, was unknown. Two hostile men "drew on sight," they approached each other by passes or steps, each manœuvring to place his enemy in a disadvantageous position when he would make a sudden rush upon him. Silver advises three principal fyghts"-we call them guards "-although he had many others: the "Gardant fyght is to carry your hand and hylt above your hed wt your poynt downe towards your left knee, wt your sword blade somewhat neer your bodye, not bearing out your poynt but rather declynynge it a little towards your said knee, yt your enemye crosse not your poynt and so hurt you." The second is the "Bastard gardant fyght, zech is to carry your hand and hylt below your hed brest hye or lower wt your poynt downwards towards your left foot." The third is "forehead, yt is rest poynts high, and hands and hylts lowe"; in this guard the point was held quite upright. The "wards" or parries were made from these middle positions by moving the sword to the right or left, and they had no other distinctive names. Silver is the first author of any nationality who distinctly advocates parrying and riposting, to which he devotes an entire chapter "of divs advantages yt you may take by stryking from your wards at ye sword fyght"; and he also gives a chapter on "The manner of certaine gryps and clozes to be used at the syngle short sword fyght." These grips were methods دو of overpowering the enemy by seizing his sword hand when he ran in close enough to make it possible. After Silver's day the lunge made its appearance, and the rough methods of running about and "charging became tempered into the more refined school of later times. In the seventeenth century we find very little to help us. There appeared in 1639 a little book Pallas Armata, which treats of the sword, but is far less complete than Silver's Brief Instructions, and towards the latter end of [BROADSWORD than formerly. The gladiators held this guard in high contempt, dubbing it the coward's guard, being a good one for a timid man to shelter under, but a bad one for a bold man to attack from. Then we have Silver's "forehand," exactly reproduced under the name of the "medium," with varieties in the form of the inside and outside guards, in which the points were still kept very high, though not "bolt upright." Concerning the practices of the gladiators, we learn a great deal from To the Tight: Honourable William This Plate is hw most humbly Infinidad by has Informed Inform ** A DEO ET REG.
Stanhope Lord Harrington Lordships moft obedient Serv. James Miller SWORD AND GAUNTLET. the century we have the numerous works of Sir W. Hope, of Balcomie, another famous amateur, who gives us, unfortunately, but very little of the broadsword. In the eighteenth century, however, we get more light in the beautiful album of engravings by Captain James Miller (1737) which relate to the work of the "gladiating" prize-fighters, who fought their battles with weapons sharp enough to cut the calf of a man's leg so badly that "it hung over his heel like a flap." We now find Silver's "gardant fyght" still surviving under the name of the hanging guard," but with the point much more advanced another enthusiastic amateur, Captain John Godfrey (1747), a practical man who says, "I have purchased my knowledge in the backsword with many a broken head and bruise in every part of me" in his day there were no such luxuriės as fencingmasks. In 1771 there was published a valuable though unillustrated work by A.