October
and the Houghton. The two Summer Meetings, the First and Second July, are held on another course, familiarly described as "Behind the Ditch." The course runs parallel to the famous "ditch" which was erected for it is an embankment as well as a ditch proper-in time immemorial for military purposes, and may still be traced through several counties. Here there are two winning posts: one opposite the stand at the top of the Bunbury hill, the other, the new T.Y.C., which is 5 furlongs 142 yards, at the bottom of the rise, so that it is not nearly so severe. How trying this hill is to horses is shown by the frequency with which they fail to carry a penalty up it.
There can scarcely be a better proof of a horse's merit than success in a race "A.F.," assuming, of course, that the field is made up of good animals. "A.F." are initials that signify "Across the Flat," and the course consists of the Rowley Mile together with 2 furlongs beyond it at the start. It is quite straight, with ascents and descents just enough to try a horse's action; for though it is in no part very steep, if an animal cannot come down a hill, a consequence of bad [RACING shoulders or of his being what is called "upright" in front, the descent into the Abingdon Mile Bottom is sufficient to make him falter. A straight course is more arduous than one with turns, in rounding which an animal must be slightly eased. The breadth of the Newmarket courses is a great advantage, as horses have plenty of room, and with moderate luck and judgment a jockey should never be shut in, though not long since in a match one of the horses was disqualified for bumping. Before the stands were erected, a great many visitors to Newmarket did their racing on horseback; a few gentlemen and trainers have their hacks there at present, but the custom is declining. When races finish, as they do on some days, at several of the different winning posts, a good deal of exercise is involved in getting about, and a hack is a great convenience. The Round Course is now little more than a name.
It extended over 3 miles 4 furlongs 138 yards; the "Ditch In," 2 miles 118 yards from the running gap (a cutting through the "ditch") to the end of the Beacon Course, is also seldom used, but one or two races are still run over the Two Middle Miles, a course in reality 17 yards short of its nominal distance.
The Epsom Course is one of the worst in the country by reason of the very awkward turn at Tattenham Corner. This was not long since to some extent modified, but it is still extremely dangerous, and on rounding it the jockey finds himself at the top of a steep hill, dashing down which must be something of a trial to the nerves if they are not of the best. The Derby Course is much in the form of a horseshoe, the first part of it being on the ascent, and though, certainly, riders do not seem to ease at all in coming round the corner, it is evident that they must do so, because the Derby time is invariably rather slow.
The Bell stands at the bottom of the hill; from there to the winning post is a slight rise, but its distance is short, and thus horses that cannot come down hill have naturally a bad chance at Epsom, though it may be noted that to judge from a horse's formation whether he can come down hill or not is apt to lead the observer into error.
Those who remember Bay Middleton declare that he was as upright as a walking stick, but he came down the hill in perfect style when he won the Derby.
Goodwood, one of the best and most picturesque courses in the country, is some five miles from Chichester on the borders of the Duke of Richmond's park. The swelling Downs with the Solent beyond make a beautiful view from the stands, and though the meeting is held on the last days of July or the first days of August, the going never seems to be hard. The courses are very varied in character, the long-distance races being run round a hill called "the Clump." Doncaster is a circular course nearly flat, I mile 7 furlongs 92 yards round; there is a turn into the straight-for when a course is spoken of as circular it must not be understood that it bears anything like a close resemblance to a circlebut it is a long way from home. In Memoir's St. Leger there was a scrimmage at this point, T. Loates on St. Serf having been knocked quite out of his saddle, to which he was restored by Tom Cannon. The nearest approach to a really circular course is at Chester on the Roodee, by the side of the River Dee; the course, indeed, has been derisively spoken of as a "soup plate."
It is only about 50 yards more than a mile round, and so is very much on the turn and unsuitable for long-striding horses.
A familiar phrase on the turf is "horses for RACING] a courses," and that there is a good deal in the expression often seems to be proved. Thus the Brighton Course is very like Epsom, and horses that win at one meeting often win at the other, a circumstance, however, which may no doubt partially be explained by the fact that these courses down a long hill are easy, so that speedy animal who cannot stay has a specially good chance. York has an oval flat course on the famous Knavesmire about a mile from the city. One of the most popular of the "open courses," as opposed to gate-money meetings, used to be held at Stockbridge, the headquarters of the Bibury Club, one of the oldest established racing clubs in the country, members of which are ipso facto gentlemen riders, the only other English racing clubs which confer this distinction being the Jockey Club, Croxton Park, Southdown, and Ludlow. Besides races for gentlemen riders, Stockbridge, situated on the Downs near the historical training establishment of Danebury, always provided excellent two-year-old sport. The place was specially popular with the leading patrons of the turf, and it was seldom that good horses did not go to the post for the Hurstbourne Stakes.
Stockbridge, indeed, was recognised as having a charm of its own, and sincere regret was felt when, for reasons connected with the lease, the Bibury Club was driven to Salisbury. It was at Danebury that the Marquis of Hastings and the Duke of Beaufort had their horses under the charge of John Day, father-in-law of the late tenant, Tom Cannon, during a very sensational period of turf history. The Southdown Club meeting is held at Lewes, where the course on the top of a range of hills near the capital of Sussex has some resemblance to Stockbridge. Of the racing clubs which have lately come into existence, Sandown Park was the first. This is a pear-shaped course rather more than a mile and a half in circumference, and is, on the whole, tolerably easy for though there is a stiffish hill at the finsh, horses in a race of six furlongs or more have to come round turns which necessitate a certain amount of easing. There is also a new T.Y.C. here, quite straight, running through the middle of the park, the awkward point about which is that if races are viewed from the stand it is impossible to judge with anything approaching accuracy what has won until the judge has confirmed impressions or perhaps in most cases destroyed them-by hoisting the number. Kempton Park also had a trying turn, by reason of which many calculations were apt to be upset.
It has lately been improved. When horses are heavily weighted their jockeys are not seldom greatly perplexed as to the best method of proceeding. Unless they race for the turn, so as to get a good place there, they are in considerable danger of being shut in; and on a horse that carries a heavy burden it is usually good policy to wait. Gatwick is on the lines of Sandown and Kempton, and like them is well managed. The drawback to the place lies in the nature of the soil; the clay forms deep and holding mud in very wet weather, and in very dry weather becomes extremely hard. Credit for good management must also be extended to Hurst Park and Lingfield. The former is at Moulsey Hurst, where once the old Hampton Races, the great Cockney carnival, used to be held. Great pains have been taken with the ground, and the going here is almost always good. Lingfield, too, is in all respects a pleasant and picturesque meeting, though the stands are, as on so many other courses, placed so that it is difficult for a majority of their occupants to obtain a good view of the a sport. There is also a racing club at Derby and a very good flat oval course with moderately easy turns rather more than a mile and a quarter round. The racing here is notably popular with all classes. Manchester and Liverpool (the latter, to be strictly accurate, at Aintree, some five miles from the city) are leading homes of racing. Newcastle is served by Gosforth Park, and Birmingham has lately started a course marked by special advantages. There is here a straight mile and a quarter, straight actually, not only nominally, and an excellent view of the sport can be had from the stands, the architects having understood at what angle to the running ground they should be built. Leicester has a fairly good course, and the meeting has lately attained a degree of popularity which was for some time denied it. There is here, however, a WASHING DOWN AFTER A RACE. rather steep descent into a hollow, and a trying ascent out of it before the level run in is reached. Newbury, already mentioned, is admirably equipped in every way, and deserves its popularity.
It was here that the powers of his late Majesty's Minoru were first really revealed. The season ings is also held there. The course is (nominally) always opens at Lincoln, and one of the last meetcircular, I mile 6 furlongs 6 yards. ALFRED E. T. WATSON.
RULES ON BETTING. (AS REVISED BY TATTERSALLS' COMMITTEE ON THE 2ND DAY OF JANUARY, 1911.) 1.-Tattersalls' Committee have authority to settle all questions relating to bets, to adjudicate on all cases of default, and at their discretion, to report defaulters and persons guilty of any malpractice to the Jockey Club. 2.-In all bets there must be a possibility to win when the bet is made. 3.-No betting first past the post will be recognised by the Committee. 4.-All bets are P.P.-play or pay-with the following exceptions: 1. When the nominator dies before the decision of the race. 2. When the race is postponed for a future week, or the conditions are altered after the bets are made. 3. Bets on matches. 4. Bets made after the runners' numbers are officially placed in the number board about a horse that is not subsequently under the Starter's orders. 5.-If no objection is lodged within seven days of the race, exclusive of the day on which the race was run, bets go to the horse placed first by the Judge, and the settling, except in cases of fraud, shall not be disturbed. If an objection is made within the said time, bets go with stakes.
For the purpose of this rule Sunday is a dies non. 6.-Bets made on one horse against another, or that one horse beats another, are determined if either of them should win. Bets made between horses I, 2, 3, are determined by the places assigned by the Judge. Unless agreed by the parties it is not indispensable that both horses should start. 7. In the event of a dead-heat, and in "double events" if either is decided in the backer's favour [RACING 13.-Bets made on horses winning any number of races within the year shall be understood to mean between the Ist of January and the 31st of December. 14.-Money given to have a bet laid shall not be réturned, though the race be not run. 15. In the event of a race being ordered to be run over again, starting price bets shall be regulated by the price current at the time the race was first run. Bets in favour of any horse which started on the first but did not go to the post on the second occasion are lost. 16.-No bet can be declared off except by mutual consent, but on any allegation of fraud or corrupt practice, the Committee may investigate the case and may declare the bet void. Either JULY COURSE, NEWMARKET. and the other results in a dead-heat, the money betted must be put together and equally divided, except in the event of a dead-heat in a match; in which case bets are void. In "double-events" if both horses backed run dead-heats the money betted must be put together and divided in the proportion of one-fourth to the backer and threefourths to the layer. 8. If a bet is made on one of the horses that runs a dead-heat against a beaten horse, and the owners agree to divide, the backer of the horse that ran the dead-heat wins half his bet. If odds are laid on one horse against another 1, 2, 3, and they run a dead-heat for any of such places, the money betted must be put together and equally divided. 9.-If odds are laid without mentioning the horse, the bet must be determined by the state of the odds at the time it was made. Bets made after a race that a horse will be disqualified, stand, even if no objection be made. 10. Any bet made from signal or indication when the race has been determined shall be considered fraudulent and void. 11.-All bets on matches and private sweepstakes depending between any two horses shall be void if those horses subsequently became the property of the same person or of his avowed confederate. [Photograph by Sport and General. of the bettors may demand stakes to be made on proving to the satisfaction of the Committee, or any two of them, that he has just cause for doing so, and, if ordered, the bets must be covered or sufficient security given within the time specified in such order, in default whereof the bets will be off. 17.-The Committee will not necessarily enforce the settlement of a compromised account. Before giving a decision they may require the books of the debtor and a statement of his accounts to be submitted to them; and they may order the account to be settled if they think a reasonable offer is made, and on such terms as they may decide. 18. If a debtor does not satisfy the claims of his creditors within twelve calendar months, he shall not be entitled to receive any debts which may be due to him; but if he does so within such time inclusive of the day when the money was won, the Committee will support his just claims to receive payment from his debtors. 19.-If any extraordinary occasion should arise, or in cases of notorious and palpable fraud, any of the before-mentioned rules may be suspended by the Committee.
The Committee of Tattersalls' consists of Colonel Fludyer, chairman; the Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, Lord Wolverton, Captain Laing, Sir John Robinson, Messrs. J. H. Locke, Alfred 12.-Double and treble event bets are not deter-. mined until the second or the last event has been E. T. Watson, J. Wingrove Smith, J. George, and run, as the case may be.
Henry Slowburn.
THE TATE LIBRARY, BRIXTON.S.W.
THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SPORT AND GAMES VOL. IV THE TATE LIBRARY, BRIXTON, S.W.
After Archibald Thorburn.
SNIPE.
The Encyclopaedia of Sport & Games EDITED BY THE EARL OF SUFFOLK AND BERKSHIRE LAMBETH PUBLIC LIB ARIES NOT TO BE REMOVED FROM THE REFERENCE LIBRARY A New and Enlarged Edition with Colour Plates and Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings VOLUME IV RACKETS - ZEBRA WITH ABOUT FIVE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS W H LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN THE TATE LIBRARY, BRIXTON, S.W.
E796 98486025/TATE REPRESENCE TATE CENTRAL DEPARTMENT LIBRARY DEPARTMENT ERISTON VAL Copyright, 1911, by William Heinemann All rights reserved.
R. Clay and Sons, Ltd., Brunswick St., Stamford St., S. E., and Bungay, Suffolk. LAMBETH PO RARIES 0178 CONTENTS PRESENTATION CUKU PAGE PAGE RACKETS (E. O. P. BoUVERIE and E. B.
NOEL) SQUASH RACKETS (B. S. FOSTER) RATTING (J. WATSON) RED DEER (J. E. HARTING) REINDEER (G. FERRAND).
I 7 8 IO 15:
REVOLVERS (W. WINANS).
RHINOCEROS (F. V. KIRBY) . 19 LADO ENCLAVE (R. LYDEKKER) SOMALILAND (LT.-COL. H.G. C. SWAYNE) 22 22 INDIA (COL. F. T. POLLOK) 24 RIDING (CAPT. M. H. HAVES and L. C.R.
CAMERON) 25 SHOOTING (THE EARL OF SUFFOLK AND BERKSHIRE and W. G. CRAVEN) SCIENCE OF SHOOTING (LORD WAL- SINGHAM) ENGINES AND ACCESSORIES (C. C.
TUDWAY and J. F. HALL) CLAY BIRD SHOOTING (E. H. STONE) SHOOTING SCHOOLS (N. D. G.) PUNT SHOOTING (W. H. POPE) SHORE SHOOTING (J. E. HARTING) SINGLESTICK (CAPT. A. HUTTON) SKATING FIGURE SKATING (J. H. JOHNSON) . 129 138 142 146 150 150 156 164 166 166 • RIFLES AND RIFLE SHOOTING 31 ROLLER SKATING (W. STANTON) 182 FOREIGN SHOOTING (H. A. BRYDEN) 31 SKI-ING (E. WROUGHTON) 187 TARGET SHOOTING (W. R. LANE JOYNT) 34 SKITTLES (COL. F. T. POLLOK) 190 ROACH. 46 46 SNIPE (J. E. HARTING) ROEDEER (J. G. MILLAIS) : 191 47 SOLITARY SNIPE IN RUSSIA (F.
Rook (J. E. HARTING) 50 WISHAW). 195 ROUNDERS (COL. F. T. POLLOK) 52 52 SPORTING RIGHTS (J. WILLIS BUND) 194 ROWING (D. H. MCLEAN) 53 STABLES (A. WALLIS). 200 A IN 1 REGA TTAS (LORD DESBOROUGH) HARTING) RUFF (J. E RYPE (SIR H. POTTINGER) SALMON (C. S. PATTERSON) STYLE (S. D. MUTTLEBURY and F. J.
ESCOMBE) AT OXFORD (R. P. P. ROWE) CAMBRIDGE (B. F. ROBINSON) THE UNITED STATES (C. WHITNEY) STEEPLECHASING AND HURDLE RACING 70 (A. E. T. WATSON) 202 70 STUD BOOKS (W. F. LAMONBY) 217 73 SWAN, WILD (H. SHARP) . 219 76 SWIMMING (A. SINCLAIR) 222 81 FOR WOMEN (C. HOLLAND) 231 • 88 LIFE SAVING AND RESUSCITATION OF 88 THE DROWNED (C. HOLLAND) 233 90 SALMON FISHING (SIR H. MAXWELL) FLY-TYING (VW. HALE) MEASUREMENTS SAMBAR (GEN. D. MACINTYRE) SANDPIPER (J. E. HARTING) SCHOOL GAMES HAILES ETON FOOTBALL HARROW FOOTBALL SEA-FISHING (F. G. AFLALO) SHARK-FISHING (F. G. AFLALO) MEASUREMENTS WATER POLO (W. HENRY) 237 93 TAHR (GEN. D. MACINTYRE and R. LY- 99 DEKKER) 243 102 TAPIR (COL. F. T. POLLOK and R. LY- 103 DEKKER) 245 104 TARPON (O. MYGATT) 245 107 TAXIDERMY AND MODELLING (M. BROWNE) 250 107 TEAL (J. E. HARTING) 265 TENCH.
TENNIS (G. E. A. Ross and E. B. NOEL) 267 TIGER (J. D. INVERARITY) 128 TOBOGGANS AND TOBOGGANING (H. W.
TOPHAM) CONTENTS PAGE PAGE TROTTING (E.
TROTTING (E. B. ABERCROMBIE and W. R. H. GARLAND) 288 ..
WOODCOCK (J. E. HARTING) WRESTLING (W. ARMSTRONG and P. . . 344 PACING (W. WINANS and W. R. H.
LONGHURST) 346 GARLAND) 293 INDIAN (COL. F. T. POLLOK) 352 .
TROUT ("JOHN BICKERDYKE") 294 YACHTING (LORD DUNRAVEN and F. B.
MEASUREMENTS 302 COOKE) 353 RAINBOW (C. WALKER and R. B.
BARGE YACHTS (C. C. L. IONIDES) 428 MARSTON) 302 FLY DRESSING (G. E. M. SKUES) 304 NORFOLK WHERRIES (C. C. L. IONIDES) 429 OPEN BOATS (C. C. L. IONIDES) 429 429 TUNA (F. G. AFLALO) 311 AMERICAN YACHTING (C. PRYER and TURKEY (T. ROOSEVELT) 314 F. B. COOKE) 431 VETERINARY WORK (G. FLEMING) 316 ICE YACHTING (H. CROSSLEY) . 439 WAPITI (T. ROOSEVELT) 337 IN AMERICA (A. ROGERS) 443 .
WHIPPET RACING (L. C. R. CAMERON) 340 YAK (E. SMYTH) 452 .
WIGEON (J. E. HARTING) 343 ZEBRA (H. A. BRYDEN). 454 SNIPE RYPER PUNT SHOOTING SHORE BIRDS STEEPLECHASING TIGER WOODCOCK LIST OF PLATES Frontispiece To face page 88 دو دو 150 162 216 دو 280 ” دو " ८ ய نیا LAMBETH ESLA PUBLI 8170 THE TATE LIBRARY, BRIXTON, S.W.
THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF SPORT RACKETS.—Rackets is played by four or a less number of players: two against two, a double; one against one, a single; or one against two.
The implements consist of :- (I) A racket-a wooden hoop about 7 ins. in diameter, strung as tightly as possible with "gut." The length of the racket from the handle to the end of the face is Adjoining the side wall, and about halfway down the court, are two squares formed by the bottom of the two side walls and lines painted on the floor, known as the service I 30 feet.
THE RACKET. about 2 ft. The weight varies from about 7 oz. to II oz. at the two extremes, the normal weight being about 9 oz. (2) A ball, which is made of very closely compressed strips of cloth bound with twine and covered with a white kid skin, which is hand-sewn. The close compression gives a ball of extreme hardness; the hardness increases each time the ball is sent back to the maker and re-covered. The cores of the hardest balls are often ten years old or more.
Formerly, there was no standard size for the ball, but lately the Tennis, Rackets, and Fives Association, the governing body of the game, has fixed the standard as follows: Each ball is an inch in diameter, and weighs I OZ.