Vaughan Kirby
was 6 ft. 8 in., with a tail measurement of 2 ft. 9 in.
Spotted Hyaena (Hyaena crocuta).- A mounted specimen in the same museum (Cape Town) measures: Head and body, 4 ft. 6 in; tail, 14 in. One, measured by Mr. F. Vaughan Kirby in the flesh, was 4 ft. 92 in. from nose to root of tail; tail, I ft. I in.; height at shoulder, 3 ft. The weight of an East African hyaena of this species, given by Capt. Meinertzhagen, was 121 lbs.
Wolf (Canis lupus). - Whether or no the Indian Wolf (Canis pallipes) is to be con- [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
POLAR BEARS. -a male-which measured 5 ft. 7½ in., including the tail of 2 ft. 6 in.
There are many smaller cats known to science which cannot be included here.
Brown Hyaena (Hyaena brunnea).— A mounted female in the Cape Town Museum measures: Head and body, 3 ft. 10 in.; tail, 12 in.
Hunting Leopard (or Cheetah) (Cynœlurus jubatus). -Jerdon states that an [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
ISABELLINE BEAR.
BIG GAME] sidered as specifically distinct from C. lupus, it is certain that both the European and American Wolf are to be regarded as one species, and this in spite of the extreme variability of their coloration. Sterndale gives the length as 5 ft. 2 in. to 5 ft. 8 in., including the tail of I ft. 8 in. Cassell gives height at shoulder as 2 ft. 8 in. A big American gray wolf will weigh as much as 97 lbs. (Roosevelt's Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter).
There are several of the smaller Cynoidea which need not be included here. as Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus). A good Polar bear will weigh as much 1,500 lbs. (see Big Game Shooting, vol. i.), and will measure in length, from snout to tail, from 8 ft. to 9 ft. 6 in. Capt. Lyon, in Records of Big Game, gives 8 ft. 7 in. as [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SLOTH BEAR. the length of a bear of this species shot by him, the weight being 1,600 lbs.
American Black Bear (Ursus americanus).-Adult male specimens occasionally weigh from 400 to 500 lbs. An average specimen, shot by Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, scaled 330 lbs. in winter, with an empty stomach. One shot by Mr. T. W. H.
Clarke in Wyoming measured 7 ft. 5½ in., and another, shot by Mr. J. J. Harrison in the same country, 6 ft. II in.
Brown Bear (Ursus arctus).-Few exact measurements appear to have been recorded of large European specimens, but it is believed that they sometimes attain a length of fully 8 ft. from nose to root of tail.
Capt. G. Ferrand gives the length of a Norwegian bear as 7 ft. II in., and its weight as about 800 lbs. In the Himalayas, the average length of the "Snow" or "Isabelline " bear (Ursus arctus isabellinus) is rather less than 6 ft., although examples of 7 ft. are met with, and the length of one has been recorded as 7 ft. 6 in., whose height was 3 ft. 5 in. Average height, [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
HIMALAYAN BLACK BEAR. 3 ft. The great bears of Siberia and Kamchatka (U. arctus collaris, or piscator) attain measurements exceeding 8 ft. The Kodiak Island bear, Alaska (U. arctus middendorfi), is one of the giants of the race, and the carcase of a good specimen will weigh as much as 1,500 lbs., and measure more than 8 ft. 6 in. The Alaskan bear (U. arctus dalli) also attains huge proportions. One shot by Capt. C. E. Radclyffe measured 7 ft. 9½ in., and weighed 1,162 lbs.
Sloth Bear (Melursus labiatus). Length of head and body varies from 4 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. 8 in.; tail, exclusive of hair, 4 in. to 5 in.; height at shoulder, 2 ft. 2 in. to [Photo. by H. T. Shepstone.
GRIZZLY BEAR. 2 ft. 9 in. One shot in Cooch Behar in 1903 measured 7 ft. 1 in.; and another, shot by the Maharajah of Cooch Behar in 1890, 6 ft. IO in. The latter weighed 423 lbs.
Another, shot in Cooch Behar, weighed 392 lbs., and yet another 378 lbs. Average weight of large males probably 280 lbs. [BIG GAME specimens is said to be 6 ft. to 7 ft., that of females 5 ft.
Walrus (Odobaenus rosmarus and O. obesus).-Adult males appear to range in length from 9 ft. 6 in. to upwards of 12 ft. from snout to root of tail -but Elliot mentions one from the Behring Sea whose length was 13 ft. and girth 14 ft.—whilst their weight is variously estimated at from 2,250 to 3,000 lbs. and even more. Tusks have been recorded of a total length of 3 ft. and 2 ft. 9½ in., and a weight exceeding 8 lbs. each; such [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
SOUTHERN SEA-LION.
Malayan Bear (Ursus malayanus).- Average length of head and body, 4 ft.; seldom exceeds 4 ft. 6 in. Length of adult female recorded as 3 ft. 6 in. Weight from 60 lbs. to 130 lbs.
Himalayan Black Bear (Ursus torquatus). The average length from nose to root of tail is given as 4 ft. 9 in. to 5 ft. 6 in., although one is recorded, on the authority of Major Ward, as measuring 6 ft. 4 in.; and another, shot in Kashmir by Col. L. L.
Fenton, 6 ft. 7 in. Average weight from 200 lbs. to 250 lbs.
Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctus horribilis).- A grizzly, shot in Wyoming by Mr. T. P.
Kempson, measured 8 ft. 7 in.; one shot by Mr. T. W. H. Clarke, 8 ft. 01/2 in.; and another, shot in British Columbia by Sir Peter Walker, Bart., 8 ft. In the wild state a heavy old grizzly bear probably exceeds 1,000 lbs. A large one in the National Zoological Park at Washington weighed 950 lbs.
Southern Sea-Lion (Otaria jubata).- Sometimes called Captain Cook's Sea-Lion, and stated by him to have attained, in his day, a length of 12 ft. or 14 ft., and a girth of from 8 ft. to IO ft., but males are now said to attain a length of only 7 ft. from tip of muzzle to root of tail.
Northern Sea-Lion (Otaria stellari). - Adult males vary in length from II ft. to 13 ft., including the tail of 3 in. to 4 in., girth from 8 ft. to IO ft.; estimated weight, 1,000 to 1,300 lbs.
Northern Sea-Bear (or Fur - Seal) (Otaria ursina). The extreme length of adult males is given as 7 ft. to 8 ft.; girth, 6 ft. to 7 ft.; estimated weight, 700 to 800 lbs. Females: Length, 4 ft.; girth, 2 ft. 6 in.; weight, 80 to 100 lbs.
South American Fur-Seal (Otaria australis). The average length of male [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
CHILLINGHAM BULL. examples are, however, exceptional, tusks of 4 lbs. weight and 2 ft. in extreme length being considered very fine. A tusk in the Norwich Museum weighs 9 lbs. 9 oz.
Tusks of females rarely exceed I ft. 8 in.
There are many others of this group-the Carnivora pinnipedia-of which mention is here unnecessary.
UNGULATA.
Aurochs (Bos taurus). -No small confusion appears to exist in the nomenclature of European wild oxen. The Aurochs, which, in a sub-fossil condition, is known to palæontology as Bos taurus var. primigenus, is now only represented by the halfwild Chillingham and other park cattle, and by our domestic breeds descended therefrom. That which sportsmen term the "Aurochs" is really the European Bison (Bos bonasus).
The horn measurements of a Chillingham Bull in the British Museum are-Length I ft. 6½ in.; girth 103/8 in. span at tips I ft. 8 in.; width inside I ft. 9½ in. The horns of a bull from Chartley Park, in the possession of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, measures-Length, I ft. 6/2 in.; girth, 7 in.; tip to tip, 3434 in.
Gaur (Bos gaurus). -Known to Indian sportsmen by the incorrect designation of "Bison," this is stated to attain a height of 6 ft. o in. (18 hands) at the withers, BIG GAME] THE TATE CENTRAL LIBRAR BRIXTONS 247 an old wild bull measured I ft. 2 in. both in girth and length. The horns of a bull shot in Tenasserim by Mr. A. O. Hume measure I ft. 4½ in., and from tip to tip, 2 ft. 4 in.
Banting, Tsine, or Javan Ox (Bos sondaicus). - Sometimes known as the Burmese Wild Ox. The maximum height recorded of an adult bull is 5 ft. 9½ in., at withers, whilst the longest pair of horns measure 2 ft. 9½ in., with a girth of I ft. 5 in., and spread at tips 2 ft. 27/8 in.
Yak (Bos grunniens). The adult bull is said to weigh about 1,200 lbs., and to [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BULL GAYAL.
I and one is recorded by Sir Walter Elliot as measuring 6 ft. 1/2 in. at shoulder, 5 ft. 3 in. at rump, 9 ft. 6½ in. in length from nose to root of tail, tail 2 ft. 10/2 in., length of dorsal ridge 3 ft. 4 in., height of dorsal ridge 4½ in., muzzle to frontal ridge 2 ft. 13/4 in., breadth of forehead 1 ft. 3/2 [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BANTING OR JAVAN OX. in., ear 10½ in., spread at tip of horns 2 ft. I in., girth of horns I ft. 71/2 in. The longest horns recorded are 3 ft. IO in., with a circumference of I ft. 8½ in. The greatest spread at tips recorded is 3 ft. 4 in.
The record horns of a cow gaur measure 2 ft. 3 in.
Gayal (Bos frontalis). - Found genuinely wild in some parts of India, and smaller than its ally, the Gaur. Ward mentions two pairs of horns measuring respectively I ft. 3 in. and I ft. 05/8 in. in length, 11/2 in. and I ft. 1/4 in. in circumference, and 2 ft. 23/8 in. and 2 ft. 33/4 in. from tip to tip; but Blanford records that the horns of EUROPEAN BISON. average from 5 ft. to 5 ft. 6 in. in height, but one is stated to be in the Leeds Museum measuring 6 ft. o in. in height at shoulder; IO ft. 10½ in. in length of head and body; tail, 3 ft. I in. ; girth at shoulder, IO ft. I in. ; girth at belly, 9 ft. 4 in.; at thinnest part of neck, 4 ft. 2 in.; length of horns, 3 ft. o in.; basal girth, I ft. 6 in. This length of horns has, however, been exceeded, one pair in the Lucknow Museum measuring 3 ft. 3 in. in length over the external curve, and two others being recorded (Records of Big Game) as exceeding 3 ft. 2 in.
European Bison (Bos bonasus).-Alknown as the Caucasian Bison, and semithough truly wild in the Caucasus , and feral in Lithuania, where it is known as the Lithuanian Bison, there is really no specific distinction.
Of a Caucasian bull the following measurements are given :-From nose to root of withers, 5 ft. II in.; circumference of leg tail, IO ft. I in. top of hoof to top of below knee, IO in. ; knee, I ft. 4 in.; below hock, 10/2 in.; round hock, I ft. 7 in.; girth of body, about 8 ft. 4 in. The horns of a Lithuanian bull presented to the British Museum by the Czar of Russia measure from tip to tip, 133/4 in. Another head, 1874 in. in length, 12/8 in. in girth, and shot in the Caucasus by Mr. St. George Littledale, measures 18 in., with a girth of 12/8 in. and from tip to tip 16 in. The Archduke Frederick of Austria shot a bison in Hungary in 1907 which scaled 1,736 lbs. (Bos and American Bison (Bos americanus).- Called "Buffalo" by one of those errors which seem to dog the footsteps of sportsmen in dealing with wild oxen, this is stated to have attained, in the bull, a length of 8 ft. 6 in. from tip of muzzle to root of tail and a height of 5 ft. 9 in. at withers.
The weight of an adult bull has been recorded as 1,727 lbs., which is probably not exceptional, as another, weighed by Mr.
W. T. Hornaday, reached 2,100 lbs. Goodsized horns measure I ft. 4 in. to I ft. 6 in. in length, but the record pair attain I ft. 9½ in., and two others exceed I ft. 8 in.
Cape Buffalo and varieties caffer). The following weights measurements of different animals have been given by various authorities :- Length of body, 9 ft. o in.; tail, 3 ft. o in. Height at shoulder, 4 ft. 7 in. to 5 ft.