Home › Moneys of the World › Measures and Weights: Lisbon
Measures and Weights: Lisbon
The Lisbon almude, liquid measure, of 2 pots, 12 canadas, or 48 quartilhos, = 3.64 Imp. gallons; the baril is 18, the pipe 26, and the tonelada 52 almudes. The moyo, dry measure, of 15 fanegas, 60 Lisbon alquieres, or 240 quartos = 22.39 Imp. bushels; and 100 Lisbon alquieres = 37.32 Imp. bushels. The arroba of 32 arratels or pounds (each of 2 marks, or 16 ounces) = 32.38 lbs. avoirdupois; and 100 Portuguese lbs. = 101.18 lbs. avoirdupois; the quintal is 4 arrobas, and the tonelada is 54 arrobas. The apothecaries' pound is 1½ mark. The apothecaries' pound is 11/½ mark.
French measures are now much used.
Gold and silver are weighed by the mark of 8 ounces or 4608 grains = 3541/2 troy grains. The fineness of gold is expressed by dividing the mark fine or other weight into 24 quilates or carats, each of 4 grains; and the fineness of silver, by dividing the mark fine into 12 dinheiros, each of 24 grains. Gold, 22 carats fine, is sold at the fixed rate of 96 milreis per mark; and silver, 11 dinheiros fine, at the fixed rate of 6 milreis per mark; the variations of price upon each being made by a premium per cent. At Oporto the almude = 5.61 Imp. gallons; and the alquiere = 0.465 Imp. bushel, or 100 Oporto alquieres = 46.50 Imp. bushels. ROUMANIA.
The monetary unit in Roumania is the lei nuove of 100 bani, a silver coin weighing 5 grammes 900 fine, nearly equal the franc. There are also gold coins of 5, 10 and 20 lei, analagous to French money. Russian and Austrian coins are largely used.
The French metric system of measures and weights was introduced into Roumania in 1876, but the old measures and weights of Turkey are still in common use. RUSSIA.
The integer of account is the silver ruble, which is divided into 100 copecs, and equal in value to 3s. 11/2 d. sterling; or R°.6, cop. 40, = £1. Formerly accounts were kept in paper or bank rubles similarly divided; but this practice was abolished by an Imperial ukase in 1839, which established the silver ruble as the only legal measure of value throughout the empire. This ukase fixed the exchange of paper into specie at the rate of 350 copecs in paper, for 100 copecs in silver; making the bank ruble worth 103/4d. sterling. Depreciated paper of other kinds is common. The coins are, -In gold: Imperials of 10 rubles, half-Imperials of 5 rubles, double ducats, and ducats; the only gold coin minted at present is the half-Imperial, weight 97½ troy grains, fineness 88 zolotniks, or ths, and value 16s. 42d. sterling. In platina: pieces of 12, 6 and 3 rubles: In silver: rubles, poltins or 1½ rubles, polpoltins or 14 rubles, double-grive of 20 copecs, single-grive of 10 copecs, and pieces of 15 and 5 copecs; these are minted at the rate of 2234 rubles of the fineness of 83/5 zolotniks, from the Russian pound of fine silver. In copper: pieces of 2, 1 and 1½ copecs.
The gold coins are directed, by the ukase of 1839, to be received and paid in all government offices, with an agio of 3 per cent. Thus, the half-Imperial of 5 rubles is reckoned at 5 rubles 15 copecs in silver.
The paper money consists of state credit notes for I silver ruble and upwards, which, since Nov. 1, 1843, have been circulated instead of the depreciated assignats (each = 1034d.) of the Imperial Bank. These notes are under the guaranty of the state domains; and to secure their convertibility, specie amounting to not less than th of their circulation is vested in a public board. Days of grace, 10 for bills after date, and 3 for bills after sight. The Julian Kalendar, or Old Style, is still used throughout the empire. = The British or Imperial foot and inch are in use; also the Dutch or Rhineland foot, inch and palm; the Russian foot = 13.75 Imp. inches; the Moscow foot 13.17 Imp. inches; the archine, cloth measure, of 16 verchoks 28 Imp. inches, and 100 archines = 77.77 Imp. yards; the sagene or fathom is 3 archines, or 7 Imp. feet. The verste or mile of 500 sagenes, or 1500 archines, = 3500 Imp. feet, = 5 Imp. furlongs, 12 poles, and 2 feet; and 104 verstes = 1 degree of the meridian nearly. The deciatine, land measure, of 2400 square sagenes = 2 Imp. acres, 2 roods, 32 perches nearly.
The vedro, liquid measure, of 100 tcharkeys = 2.70 Imp. gallons, and 100 yedros = 270.45 Imp. gallons; the anker contains 2 stekars or 3 vedros, and the oxhoft contains 6 ankers.
The tchetvert, or chetwert, corn measure, of 2 osmines, 4 payaks, 8 tchetveriks, 32 tchetvertkas, or 64 garnietz, = 5.77 Imp. bushels, and 100 tchetverts 72.13 Imp. quarters, though at St. Petersburg sometimes reckoned at 702; the last is 16 chetwerts. The pound of 32 loths, 96 zolotniks, or 6528 grains, = 6318½ troy grains, and 100 Russian lbs, = 90.26 lbs. avoirdupois; the pood of 40 Russian lbs. = 36 lbs., oz., II drams avoirdupois, but commonly estimated at 36 lbs. only; and IO poods = 1 berkovetz; the Nuremberg pound, used by apothecaries, = 5527 troy grains; the Dutch carat, used in weighing precious stones, = 3 troy grains nearly. Gold and silver are weighed with the Russian pound, as above; and their fineness is expressed in zolotniks and dolis; the pound or other weight being divided into 96 zolotniks, and the zolotnik into 96 dolis.
The preceding are the official measures and weights of Russia, and they are in general use throughout the empire, excepting in a few places where old systems continue to be partially employed: Of the latter the chief are the following :- Libau.-100 ells = 66.75 Imp. yards. The oxhoft is 3 viertels, 6 ankers, or 180 stofs; and 100 stofs = 28.92 Imp. gallons. The last of oats is 60 lofs; the last of wheat, barley, etc., 48 lofs; and 100 lofs = 23% Imp. quarters; a tun of linseed is 2 lofs. The shippond is 20 lisponds, or 400 lbs.; and 100 lbs. of Libau = 92.13 lbs. avoirdupois.
Revel.-100 ells = 58.62 Imp. yards.
The ahm is 4 ankers, or 130 stoofs; and 100 stoofs = 28.64 Imp. gallons. The last of corn is 24 tonnen; and 100 tonnen =40.67 Imp. quarters. The tonne is 2 centners, 12 lisponds, or 240 lbs.; and 100 lbs. of Revel = 95.03 lbs. avoirdupois.
Riga.-100 ells, each of 2 feet, = 59.95 Imp. yards; and 13 ells = 10 Russian archines nearly. The hogshead is 6 ankers, 30 viertels, or 180 stoofs; and 100 stoofs = 28.68 Imp. gallons. The last of oats is 60 loofs; the last of wheat, barley and linseed is 48 loofs the last of rye is 45 loofs; and 100 loof = 23.45 Imp. quarters, or 33½ tchetverts nearly. The shippond is 20 lisponds, or 400 lbs.; and 100 lbs. of Riga = 92.16 lbs. avoirdupois; or 39 Riga lbs. 1 Russian pood nearly. The mark = 3226 troy grains. land.
The old measures and weights of SWEDEN are still used to some extent in Fin- SIAM.
BANKOK.
The circulating medium is stated by the British Ambassador to Siam, etc., to consist only of silver, and cowrie shells. The general coin is the bat or tical of 4 salungs, 8 fuangs, 16 song-p'hais, 32 p'hai-nungs, or 6400 cowries. The tical weighs 236 troy grains, and is commonly valued at 2s. 6d. sterling; but its standard is uncertain. The catty of 80 ticals, and the pecul of 100 catties, are used only to denote large sums.