Caesar
A surname given to the Julian family in Rome. This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius Caesar and his successors, was given to the heir-apparent of the empire in the age of the Roman emperors.
The first twelve emperors were distinguished by the name of Caesar. They reigned in this order - Julius Caesar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian. Suetonius has written an exhaustive history of the Caesars. C. Julius Caesar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of L. Caesar and Aurelia, the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some accounts, from Iulus, the son of Aeneas. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome, and the generous manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest. He was appointed for five years over the Gauls. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest, and invaded Britain, which till then was unknown to the Romans. The corrupt state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of Caesar and Pompey, caused a civil war.
Neither of these celebrated Romans would endure a superior, and the smallest matters were grounds enough for unsheathing the sword. By the influence of Pompey a decree was passed to strip Caesar of his power. Antony, as tribune, opposed this, and went to Caesar's camp with the news. On this Caesar crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and Caesar entered Italy with his army. Upon this Pompey left Rome and retired to Dyrrachium, and Caesar shortly afterwards entered Rome. He then went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, and on his return to Rome was declared dictator, and soon afterward consul. The two hostile generals met in the plains of Pharsalia, and a great battle ensued, B. C. 48. Pompey was defeated, and fled to Egypt, where he was slain. At length Caesar's glory came to an end. Enemies had sprung up around him, and a conspiracy, consisting of many influential Romans, was formed against him. Conspicuous among the conspirators was Brutus, his most intimate friend, who, with others, assassinated him in the senate-house on the ides of March, B. C. 44, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. He wrote his Commentaries on the Gallic wars when the battles were fought. This work is admired for its elegance and purity of style. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces, king of Pontus, that he made use of the words, which have since become proverbial veni, vidi, vici, illustrative of the activity of his operations.
Shakespeare's tragedy of Julius Caesar, in the third act of which he is assassinated, uttering as his last words, "Et tu, Brute!
Then fall Caesar "-is devoted to the conspiracy and its results, ending with defeat and death of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi.
Calagurris (Calahorra). A town of the Vascones in Hispania Tarraconensis near the Iberus.
It was the birthplace of Quintilian.