Capitulations
a term applied to certain concessions of an extraterritorial 311 nature granted as a rule by non-Chris- 1,631 tian countries to foreign Christian resi- 106 Of the three classes of nutrients, fats yield the greatest number of calories per pound, more than double the numper pound, more than double the numdrates, although of course it must be understood that the fuel value of foods is not the only thing to be considered in the diet. The average American diet is one apiece of fats and proteins, and it has a value of about 3,000 calories in the case of men doing a moderate amount of work. of work. figures of the census of 1921, with populations of the several provinces and of the largest cities, were as follows:
Canada (total) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Provinces New Brunswick British Columbia Ontario ..
Prince Edward Island Quebec Ontario Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Largest Cities Montreal Toronto.
Largest Cities Vancouver Hamilton Ottawa 8,788,483 610,118 Well-known exdents or traders, such foreigners being local courts or the application of local laws and customs. amples of extraterritorial concessions are afforded by China under numerous treaties with European and American countries: Japan also granted exemp tions to foreigners following the opening of her ports to the world. But the term capitulations, as commonly used, refers more particularly to arrangements of this kind made with or by the former Turkish Empire. Such arrangements date back to the Byzantine Empire, under which members of foreign trading colonies in Constantinople and other places were granted the right to be tried in their own courts and were otherwise accorded special privileges.
The Ottoman conquerors a confirmed 588,454 these rights and privileges and gradu- 524,582 ally extended them by treaty, law, or 387,876 custom, the United States gaining its 523,837 claim to capitulatory rights for its citimost-favored-nation 2,933,662 zens through 2,361,199 clause in the treaty of May 7, 1830. On 88,615 clause in the treaty of May 7, 1830. On 4,157 War, Turkey addressed a note to the 7,988 Powers announcing the end of the ca 7,988 Powers announcing the end of the ca- 521,893 tionalists in their famous National Pact 179,087 (September 13, 1919) likewise declared 521,893 (September 13, 1919) likewise declared 107,843 recognize them as any longer existent on 114,151 CENTRAL CONFERENCE CHILD LABOR the ground that they were incompatible it was an attempt by Congress to reguwith Turkish sovereignty and national development. Soviet Russia, in a treaty made with Turkey March 16, 1921, approved of the annulment of all capitulations; but the other Powers interested, including the United States, although willing to abandon the capitulations as such, demanded at the Near Eastern Conference at Lausanne that they be replaced by special laws and other provisions for the security of foreigners. (See NEAR EASTERN QUESTION: CON- FERENCE AT LAUSANNE.) As a former part of the Turkish Empire, Egypt was included in the capitulatory regime and succeeded to treaties made by the Porte granting extraterritorial rights to foreigners, these including both rights to be tried in their own courts and rights to be free from certain taxes. In abolishing the British protectorate over Egypt, Great Britain undertook to safeguard the rights of foreigners in that country. The United States in recognizing Egypt as an independent state (April, 1922) declined to accept the abolition of the capitulations and made this refusal a condition of recognition.
CENTRAL AMERICAN CONFER- ENCE. On of the U. S. Government, a conference to promote friendly relations and peace among the five Central mala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador was held at Washington, December, 1922, to February, 1923. A general treaty of peace and amity and a number of separate conventions were signed, the United States joining with the other signatories in establishing an international arbitration tribunal. The general peace treaty pledges each of the signatories not to recognize any Central American government established by American states of Rica, late indirectly, through its taxing power, a matter which belonged constitutionally to the States. Immediate agitation for a constitutional amendment to make federal regulation possible followed the decision, and President Harding in his annual message to Congress in December, 1922, urged the submission of such an amendment.
According to the figures of the Fourteenth Census (published by the Census Bureau, 1922), 1,060,858 children between the ages of 10 and 15 years were employed in gainful occupations in the United States in 1920. For the first time in any decennial census these figures showed a decrease from those of the preceding census, the decrease being from 1,990,225 in 1910. The percentage of children employed was also the smallest on record, falling from 18.4 per cent in 1910 to 8.5 per cent in 1920. Of the total number of children employed between the ages of 10 and 15 years, 714,- 248 were boys and 346,610 girls. The decrease occurred in all divisions of the country, but was most striking in the Southern and West North Central agricultural divisions. By far the greatest number of child laborers of both sexes are employed in agricultural occupations, 459,238 boys and 188,071 girls in 1920. Manufacturing and mechanical industries came second in the year named, with 104,335 boys and 81,002 girls. 7,045 boys were employed in mining occupations in 1920, as against 18,019 in 1910. A code of minimum standards desirable for children entering employment was formulated in 1919 by a national conference held under the auspices of the Children's Bureau at Washington. These standards include an age minimum of 16 years, except in agricultural and domestic service during vacations; an age minimum of 18 years for children emviolence and not to permit revolutionary ployed in mines and quarries; prohibimovements against any of its neighbors tion of child labor in dangerous or unto be organized within its boundaries. healthful trades; an eight-hour day and Minor differences between the signatory states are to be submitted to commissions of inquiry. An international arbitration tribunal is established for the settlement of graver disputes. By a separate convention to limit armaments, each of the states is allotted a fixed military force for five years.
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. (See ELE- MENTS.) CHILD LABOR. The U. S. Federal Child Labor Law of 1919 (see article