Child Labor
Vol. II) was declared unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court May 15, 1922, on the ground that no night work for minors; compulsory school attendance to the age of 16; and a certificate of physical fitness for every child entering employment. In no state or community, according to the Children's Bureau, have all the safeguards for children been adopted which experience and science have proved to be necessary. The striking decrease in the employment of children as shown by the census of 1920, while partly due to improved legislation (including the Federal law during its enforcement), was for the most part due to other causes, among them being economic conditions, the extension of compulsory school at- CHILE tendance, and a growing popular dislike of child labor. The question of restricting the labor of children is now generally recognized as being one of basic importance in the matter of national welfare and security. Recent studies made by the Children's Bureau and other child welfare organizations have shown that illiteracy is principally a matter of the absence of child labor laws or lax standards; that postural deformities and other ills such as were found in a large percentage of American men and boys examined in the war drafts are regularly developed by the employment of growing children not only in heavy work, but in such occupations as cotton picking, beet and berry picking, and tenement homework of various kinds; and that juvenile delinquency is is largely increased by the unrestricted employment of young children in street trades and kindred occupations. No enumeration has been made of children under ten employed in gainful occupations, but very considerable numbers of such children have been found to be engaged in various trades, particularly street trades, labor, and domestic service.
CHILE. For the Tacna-Arica dispute with Peru. (See TACNA-ARICA DISPUTE,) CNOSSUS OR KNOSSOS of the followers of Dr. Sun resumed their seats in the Peking Parliament. The old sectional differences soon broke out, however; constitutional reform made but little progress; and the year came to an end with rebellion, mutiny, and banditry rapidly increasing in most of the provinces. General Chang Shao-tseng, a military leader, was appointed Premier on December 19th. In the south, forces favorable to Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen repossessed themselves of Canton and its neighborhood, but announcement was made at the beginning of 1923, that the Southern Government had decided to recognize the Peking Government and reunite with it.
The territory of Kiau-Chau was finally restored to China by Japan, on December 10, 1922.