Ceiling
of airplanes, the level of the atmosphere above which a given airplane or type of airplane cannot rise, owing to the combined effects of reduced lifting power in the air at such level and reduced engine power from diminished air supplies.
CENSORSHIP OF MOTION PIC- TURES. In addition to local censorship powers exercised as a rule by mayors and local police authorities under right to revoke theater licenses, five States - Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kansas, Maryland, and New York-had State boards of censors at the beginning of 1922. The Ohio State Board, established in 1913, was abolished in 1921, but a new Division of Film Censorship with a chief censor and two assistants was created at the same time under the Department of Education. The New York Motion Picture Commission was established by law on May 14, 1921, and in that year also the Massachusetts legislature passed a censorship act, to go before the people CENSORSHIP in November, 1922. A censorship bill passed by the legislature of Nebraska in State representatives on the unofficial and in Florida a censorship measure was National Board of Censorship whose de- State representatives on the unofficial National Board of Censorship whose deso-called National Board of Censorship nized as of legal force in the State. The so-called National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures) is a volunteer socialof Motion Pictures) is a volunteer socialservice organization composed of over one hundred men and women representing many phases of social contact and activity. Its members review about 99 per cent of all the photoplays exhibited in the United States, films being volunagreement to abide by decisions made. agreement to abide by decisions made.
In addition to the State of Florida, above mentioned, a number of cities co-operate with the National Board, prohibiting all pictures which have not its approval. The powers of official boards of censors extend in general to the prohibition of all pictures of immoral tendency, but the possibility of a wide interpretation of such words as immoral, ind indecent, etc., has led in many cases to pictures being censored on account of social and polit ical teachings not in accordance with the views of the authorities. Censorship hibited subjects for the guidance of cenlaws have attempted to enumerate pro- hibited subjects for the guidance of centures to be shown must be of a moral, educational, or amusing and harmless character in the judgment and discretion of the board of censors. The Pennsylvania law (closely followed by the Kansas law) permits only films that are moral and proper; forbidding such as immoral, or which tend to debase or corrupt morals. The New York law adds "inhuman" pictures to the list of prohibited subjects, together with such as incite to crime. The constitutionality of censorship boards for controlling motion pictures has been recognized by the courts, but a number of decisions made by such boards have been reversed on appeal to the courts as interferences with constitutional guarantees of the rights of persons to freedom of opinion. An important decision in relation to police cenconstitutional guarantees of the rights of State Court of Appeals Feb. 20, 1922, persons to freedom of opinion. An im- portant decision in relation to police centies to prevent the production of disapsorship was rendered by the New York State Court of Appeals Feb. 20, 1922, licenses, thus making it necessary for such authorities to proceed against any alleged immoral play through the regular channels of criminal action. CONCRETE SHIPS CENTRAL AMERICAN FEDERA- TION, a short-lived union of Central Guatemala.
CHARLES I., EX-EMPEROR. (See 1921, and dissolved Jan. 29, 1922, following the overthrow of its supporters in Guatemala.
CHARLES I., EX-EMPEROR. (See HUNGARY.) government, South China, refusing to Most of the provinces under military chiefs. Sun Yat-sen, president of Canton government, South China, refusing to of North Manchuria, but new premier forced to take "leave of absence" through king cabinet overthrown (Dec. 18, 1921) by General Chang Tso-lin, super-Tuchun of North Manchuria, but new premier forced to take "leave of absence" through opposition of General Wu Pei-fu, strongest military leader in China. Threatened civil war. U. S. Government establishes ence results. (See WASHINGTON CONFER- (January, 1922). Washington conference results. (See WASHINGTON CONFER- ENCE.) applied to brief and extremely heavy downpours of rain. Their practical im- portance lies in the fact, brought out by recent investigations, that they are of downpours of rain. Their practical importance lies in the fact, brought out by parts of the country and must therefore recent investigations, that they are of fairly common occurrence in certain be taken into account in the building of pour of rain on record occurred at Porto vention works. The heaviest brief downwhen 2.47 inches of rain or about 250 tons of water per acre fell in three when 2.47 inches of rain or about 250 pour of rain on record occurred at Porto tons of water per acre fell in three minutes.
COLOMBIAN TREATY. (See UNITED STATES: FOREIGN AFFAIRS.)