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Compass (GYROSCOPE See GYRO- SCOPE)

GYROSCOPE. (See GYRO- SCOPE COMPASS.) CONCRETE SHIPS. The idea of building ships of concrete dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century. In 1849 a small boat of this material was built by a Frenchman named Lambot, and it was still in service in the second being used especially as lightand it was still in service in the second decade of the twentieth century. Between 1898 and 1914 a number of larger vessels were built, bei ers and colliers, but including one schooner which was used for several years in the American coasting trade and which demconstruction when on one occasion it was driven on the rocks and came off without to concrete shipbuilding, however, came cessity of rapid construction of every with the World War when the crying ne- CONFERENCE kind of vessel led to a somewhat extensive program of concrete building by the U. S. Shipping Board, most of this building consisting of tugs and barges of comparatively small displacement. The first large vessel built of concrete was the "Faith," having a displacement of 8,000 tons. The advantages offered by concrete construction are cheapness and simplicity, with non-combustibility and the virtual elimination of maintenance charges. The most approved construction consists of concrete walls molded on a basket-like skeleton of steel. The necessity of thicker walls than steel alone increases the weight of material in the ship and constitutes the principal disadvantage, reducing the carrying capacity of the vessel while making a larger power plant necessary.

CONFERENCE ON LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT. (See WASHINGTON CON- FERENCE.) CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING. The marketing of farm products through associations of farmers is intended to replace the unenlightened, helpless, and unbusiness-like sales methods of individual farmers standing alone with intelligent, business-like, collective merchandising. Co-operative marketing associations are generally formed by the growers of some special product in some particular State or locality, like the California Prune and Apricot Growers, the Virginia Tobacco Growers' Co-operative Association, and cotton growers' marketing associations in the Carolinas, Mississippi, CROCKER LAND organized with a membership of 17,000 growers out of a total of 29,000 in the State, the members agreeing to market for five years solely through the association. Similar organizations were formed among cotton and tobacco growers in North and South Carolina, while the cotton growers of Oklahoma, Texas, and Mississippi have formed associations embracing the majority of growers in these States. In 1921 the California prune and apricot growers renewed their agreement for seven years more, with a membership increased to 90 per cent. Laws against monopolies and combinations have thus far stood in the way of the fullest development of marketing associations, but the Capper-Volstead Cooperative Marketing Act, signed by President Harding, Feb. 18, 1922, removes such obstacles in large degree. COSTA RICA-PANAMA DISPUTE. (See UNITED STATES: FOREIGN AFFAIRS.) COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUS- TICE. (See PERMANENT COURT OF IN- TERNATIONAL JUSTICE.)