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Circumference (PERIPHERY the curve)

or PERIPHERY the curve which incloses a circle, ellipse, oval, cardioid, or other plane figure. In figures bounded by straight lines, as the triangle, square, and polygon, the term perimeter is employed to designate the sum of all the bounding lines taken together. The length of the circumference depends partly on the nature of the curve. See CIRCLE, etc.

CIGAR at the mouth of Iagua bay, about 200 miles from Havana. Cienfuegos is the center of the Cuban sugar trade, and is connected by rail with Havana. There are soap and ice plants and cacao, molasses, sugar, and tobacco are exported. are exported .

It has one of the best natural harbors in the world. Pop. about 90,000.

CIGAR, a small roll of manufactured tobacco leaves carefully made up, and intended to be smoked by lighting at one end and drawing the smoke through it.

See TOBACCO.

CIGARETTE, a sort of small cigar made by rolling fine-cut tobacco in thin paper specially prepared for the purpose, or in tobacco leaf. See TOBACCO.

CILICIA, an ancient division of Asia Minor, now included in the Turkish province of Adana, which lay between the Taurus range and the Cilician sea, while the Amanus range separated it from Syria. The E. portion of Cilicia was fertile in grain, wine, etc.; the W. and more mountainous portion furnished inexhaustible supplies of timber to the ancients. The pass called by the Turks Gölek Boghaz (anciently Pylæ Cilicia) is that by which Alexander the Great entered Cilicia. In early ages Cilicia was ruled by its own kings; the people, who were probably akin to Syrians and Phoenicians, being notorious pirates. The country fell successively under Persian, under Persian , Macedonian, and Syrian rule, and was made a Roman province by Pompey in 67 в. c.

CIMABUE, GIOVANNI (che-mä-bö'ā), about 1240. Very little is known of a distinguished Florentine painter; born his life, but he is said to have been a disciple of Giunta of Pisa; and he was one of the earliest painters who left off copying the hard and unnatural drawing of the Byzantine school, studied nature for himself, and contributed powerfully to the revival of art. The colossal "Madonna," which he painted for the Rucellai Chapel, in the Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, is said to have excited extraordinary enthusiasm, and to have been carried in procession to the church, where it still remains. It was Cimabue who first discovered the genius of Giotto. He died about 1302.

CIMMERII, or CIMMERIANS, an ancient nomadic race, inhabiting the Crimea, and parts of the neighboring country, having been expelled by the Scythians, passed along the shores of the Euxine, invaded Asia Minor, and pillaged Sardis, the capital of Lydia, 635 B. C. In that country they were said to have remained until about 617 B. c., when about 617 в. c., when CINCHONA BARK they were defeated and driven out of Asia Minor. Homer refers to another people of the same name, fabled to have dwelt in a land of perpetual darkness.

Hence the term "Cimmerian gloom."

CIMOLITE, a light gray, white, or reddish silicate of alumina, occurring sometimes massive, or of a slaty texture.

It is very soft. It occurs at Argentiera ; also at Nagpore, central India, and in some parts of Russia. The Nagpore specimens have been called also Hunterite.

CIMON, an ancient Athenian general and statesman, was a son of the great Miltiades. He fought against the Persians in the battle of Salamis (480 B. c.), Salamis (480 в. c.), and shared with Aristides the chief command of the fleet sent to Asia to deliver the Greek colonies from the Persian yoke. The return of Aristides to Athens soon after left Cimon at the head of the whole naval force of Greece. He distinguished himself by his achievements in Thrace, having defeated the Persians by the Strymon, and made himself master of the country. He conquered the pirate-island nd of Scyros, subdued all the cities on the coast of Asia Minor, pursued the Persian fleet up the Eurymedon, destroyed more than 200 of their ships, and then, having landed, on the same day entirely defeated their army (469 в. c.).

He employed the spoil which he had taken in the embellishment of Athens, and in 463 reduced the revolted Thasians; but the popular leaders, leaders , beginning to fear his power, charged him on his return with having been corrupted by the King of Macedon. The charge was dropped, but when Cimon's policy of friendship to the Lacedæmonians ended in the latter insulting the troops sent by Athens to their aid, his opponents secured his banishment. He retired into Bœotia, and his request to be allowed to fight with the Athenians against the Lacedæmonians in 457 at Tanagra was refused by the suspicious generals. Eventually Cimon was recalled at the instance of Pericles to conclude a Eventually Cimon was recalled peace with Lacedæmon. He died shortly after, in 449, while besieging Citium in Cyprus. instance of Pericles to conclude a CINCHONA, a genus of trees found exclusively on the Andes in Peru, and adjacent countries, producing a medicinal bark of great value known as Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, etc. The Jesuits introduced it into Europe. There are many species of the genus.

CINCHONA BARK, the bark of several species of cinchonacex, used in medicine, or for the extraction of the alkaloids, quinine, cinchonine, etc., which they CINCINNATI contain. The following are the most important: C. flava cortex, yellow cinchona ba bark, which occurs as quills covered with a brown epidermis, mottled with whitish yellow lichens, and also in flat cinnamon-colored pieces. Yellow bark is rich in quinine. It is derived from C. calisaya, which grows in the peculiar cloudy regions of the Andes.

C. pallidæ cortex, pale cinchona bark, from C. condaminea. It occurs always in quills, covered with crustaceous lichens.

It contains chiefly cinchonine. C. rubræ cortex, red cinchona bark, the bark of C. succirubra. This species appears to thrive in India. It occurs in flattened rough-fibrous, dark-brown red pieces, which are covered with a brown-red epidermis. It contains about equal quantities of cinchonine and quinine. The yellow bark is used in the form of decoction, extract, infusion, and tincture. The pale bark is contained in tinctura cinchonæ composita and in mixtura ferri aromatica. The cinchona barks contain, besides the alkaloids, also certain acids having astringent properties, and are valuable as tonics in cases of great debility. Cinchona barks rich in quinine generally contain much lime, and their solutions are precipitated by sodium sulphate.