Frederick
a city and county-seat of Frederick co., Md., on Carroll's creek, and on the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Frederick railroads, 62 miles W. by N. of Baltimore. Here are high schools, a convent, the State institution for the deaf and dumb, street railroads, electric lights, National and State banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. The city has manufactories of coaches, leather, shoes, knit goods, shirt waists, palmetto, fiber brushes, tobacco, flour, etc. During the Civil War it was twice occupied by the Confederates. The second time, in 1864, by General Early, who forced the citizens to pay a ransom of $200,000. In 1862 Federal troops under General McClellan occupied the place. Pop. (1910) 10,411; (1920) 11,066.
FREDERICK I., surnamed Barbarossa, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Frederick, Duke of Suabia; born in 1121, and was chosen to succeed his uncle Conrad III. in 1152. He had accompanied Conrad to Palestine five years previously, and his great qualities had already appeared. He was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle a few days after his election. His great ambition was to secure the independence of the empire, and, above all, to be master of Italy. His first expedition to Italy was made in 1154, when, after subduing several towns in Lombardy, he went to Rome, and, after some delays, had himself crowned emperor by Adrian IV. He marched a second time into Italy in 1158, took Brescia and Milan, and at the celebrated diet at Roncaglia assumed the sovereignty of the towns and received the homage of the lords. On his return to Germany he triumphed over Bohemia, and made Poland tributary to the empire.
After the death of Pope Adrian, Frederick had three anti-popes in succession elected in opposition to Alexander III., who excommunicated him and his Pope, Victor. The same year, 1160, he besieged and took Crema, after a most courageous defense. In 1162 he conquered Milan, and had many of the public buildings destroyed, as well as parts of the fortifications, after which the other towns of Lombardy submitted to him. Fresh revolts, excited by the tyrannical measures of his officers, recalled him to Italy in 1164; but he retired without engaging the army of the League. Again, there, in 1166, he traversed the Romagna, levied contributions on the towns, be- FREDERICK II. sieged Ancona, and had himself crowned a second time at Rome by the anti-pope Pascal. A fresh league being formed against him, he put its members under the ban of the empire and returned to Germany. In 1174 he besieged unsuccessfully the newly founded town of Alessandria, and in the following year was totally defeated by the Milanese at Como. Soon after he made peace with the Pope and the towns of Lombardy.
In 1188 he assumed the cross, set out in the following year on the third crusade, was opposed on the march by the Greek emperor and the sultan, arrived in Asia, and was drowned while crossing a river.
Frederick was great, not only as a soldier, soldier , but as a ruler. His memory is still cherished among the peasants of Germany, who dream of the return of Fritz Redbeard, as the Welsh did of King Arthur. He died in June, 1190.
FREDERICK II., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Henry VI. and Constance, of Sicily; born in Jesi, Dec. 26, 1194, elected king of the Romans in 1196, again after his father's death, and a third time on the excommunication of Otho IV., in 1211. He was already King of Sicily, and Duke of Suabia, under the joint regency of his mother and Pope Innocent II. He made a league with Philip Augustus, King of France, and after the defeat of Otho by the latter at the battle of Bouvines, was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1215.
Five years still elapsed before he received the imperial crown at Rome; on which occasion he had to renew a vow previously extorted from him to take the cross. In 1225 he married Yolande, daughter of John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, and two years later, after several delays, he embarked for the Holy Land. Illness compelled him in a few days to land again, and for this he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX., the first of 10 thunders of the Vatican against him. He set out again in 1228, and the Pope exciting opposition to him, and invading his hereditary states, he at once concluded a truce with Kameel, the Sultan of Egypt, by which he became master of Jerusalem. He entered the city, crowned himself (no priest daring to do it), and returned to Europe. He recovered his states, made peace with the Pope, and suppressed the revolt of his son Henry, who was then imprisoned for life. In 1235 Frederick began the war with the cities of Lombardy, having for his ally Eccelino, tyrant of Verona.
After his victory of Cortenuova, most of the cities submitted to him, and he approached Rome, but did not attack it. He took Ravenna, Faenza, and Bene- FREDERICK I. vento; and, in 1241, his fleet, commanded by his natural son, Enzio, whom he made King of Sardinia, defeated that of the Genoese. Frederick promoted the election of Innocent IV., who had been his friend, and made a treaty with him; but he soon found Innocent a most determined enemy. Rival emperors were set up, the war in Italy continued, Parma was lost in 1248, Enzio was defeated and made prisoner in the following year.
Frederick was the most accomplished sovereign of the Middle Ages; but his strong sympathies with his Italian motherland, and his endeavors to establish an all-supreme empire in Italy, caused not only his own misfortunes, but the miseries which he brought on the German empire. He died in Fiorentino, Dec. 13, 1250. FREDERICK III., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, a title sometimes applied to the son of Albert I., who was chosen emperor by some of the electors in 1314, but was defeated by Louis of Bavaria and taken prisoner in 1322. He died Jan. 11, 1330. The Frederick III. of history, however, was the son of Ernst, and was born in Innsbruck, Dec. 21, 1415. He was elected emperor in 1440 and ruled for 53 years, the longest German reign. His soubriquet was "the Pacific," owing to his plans for the pacification of the empire.
He left it to his son Maximilian to carry out the device inscribed upon his palaces and books, A, E, I, o, U; which characters are generally supposed to represent the motto, Austriæ est Imperare Orbi Universo (Austria is to rule the world). He died in Linz, Aug. 19, 1493.
BOHEMIA FREDERICK V., Elector-Palatine and King of Bohemia; born in Amberg, in 1596; succeeded his father, Frederick IV., in 1610. In 1618 he married the Princess Elizabeth, daughter of James I. of England, and in the following year accepted the crown of Bohemia. He made a triumphal entry into Prague followed in 1620 by his total defeat by the Imperial forces at the battle of Prague, and the loss of his kingdom and hereditary States. He took refuge in Holland, Holland. and died in Mentz, Nov. 19 1632.
DENMARK.
FREDERICK I., King of Denmark and Norway; born in 1473. succeeded his nephew Christiern (or Christian) II., on the deposition of the latter, in 1523, and entered into an alliance with Gustavus I., King of Sweden. After taking Copenhagen, he gained over all the nobility FREDERICK II. and introduced Lutheranism into his dominions. He died in 1534.
FREDERICK II., the son and successor of Christiern (or Christian) III., born in 1534, ascended the throne in 1559. He was a great friend of learning, and was a patron of Tycho Brahe and other men of science. He waged a long war with Sweden, which ended in 1570. He died in 1588.
FREDERICK III., born in 1609, sucwas his changing of the constitution The most remarkable event of his reign was his changing of the constitution from an elective to a hereditary monarchy. He died in 1670. the throne on the death of Christiern V.
FREDERICK IV., born in 1671, ascended in 1699. He leagued against Charles XII. of Sweden, who forced him to make peace; but when Charles fled to Turkey, Frederick drove the Swedes out of Norway, and concluded a favorable peace; retaining possession of the duchy of Schleswig. He died in 1730. ing; born in 1723, and came to the throne in 1746. The character of his reign may be inferred from the followmade to his successor, Christiern VII.: made to his successor, Christiern VII.: that I have not injured any person, and "It is a great consolation to me, my son, that I have not injured any person, and that my hands are not stained with one drop of blood." He died in 1766.
FREDERICK VI., King of Denmark; born Jan. 28, 1768, ascended the throne in 1808, though, from 1784, he was associated in the government with his father, who had lost his reason.
On his accession he had to repair the damages done by the English in their bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807, and to wage a war with the Swedes, who attempted to possess themselves of Norway. He suc- with the Swedes, who attempted to ceeded in defeating them, and peace was signed at Jon Kœping, in 1809. Allying himself with Napoleon, Norway was, in 1814, given to Sweden, under Bernadotte; Pomerania and the isle of Rügen 1814, given to Sweden, under Bernafalling to Denmark. More tranquil times now arriving, Frederick devoted him- falling to Denmark. More tranquil times self to the extension of the internal resources of his kingdom. He died Dec. 3, 1839.
FREDERICK VII., King of Denmark; born in Copenhagen, Oct. 6, 1808; and ascended the throne in 1848. He was born in Copenhagen, Oct. 6, 1808; and ing numerous works on the subject. On his death, in Glücksburg, Nov. 15, 1863, the elder line of the house of Oldenburg became extinct.
FREDERICK WILLIAM I.
PRUSSIA. the age of 20 years succeeded his father