Gandhi
MOHANDAS KARAM- CHAND, leader of the non-co-operative, anti-British movement in India, was born in Porbandar, Oct. 2, 1869. He studied law for five years in England and in 1893 took up the practice of his profession for a short time in Bombay, after which he removed to South Africa, where he became immediately involved in the general hatred and persecution visited on all his countrymen by the British colonial government and population. Undertaking to plead the cause of the Hindu, he was denied the privileges of the courts and his life was repeatedly threatened by mobs; yet in spite of all this, when the Boer War broke out he organized an Indian ambulance unit and served in the field in posts of danger. For similar services in the Zulu rebellion a few years later he received the thanks of the governor of Natal, but the persecutions of the Hindus in South Africa continuing, he conceived the idea of putting into practice the principle of passive resistance or soul force, the doing of good to overcome evil. For this passive resistance to the government of South Africa he was thrown into jail there, but his work was so far successful that many of the worst legal disabilities of the Hindu population were finally removed. In the World War he helped raise recruits in India for the British service and was the organizer of an Indian Ambulance Corps, but his feelings toward England, or rather toward all western civilization, gradually changed and he became convinced that there was no hope for India under British rule, however reformed, but that the duty and salvation of all Indians lay in returning to the teachings and the ways of the ancient Vedas. He organized the non-co-operative movement to establish the Swaraj or self-rule of India by means of a general boycott of everything British, including goods, offices, employments, courts, and schools, a movement essentially religious in conception, a determination to sever all connection with what was held to be worldly and evil. Gandhi was opposed to all violence and all hatred. Swaraj was to be obtained by self-discipline and soul force.
On Dec. 29, 1921, he was declared by the Indian National Congress to be the sole executive authority in the nationalist movement, but on March 10, 1922, he was arrested by British authorities on years' imprisonment, refusing to cease and was sentenced a week later to six years' imprisonment, refusing to cease his teachings if released and challenging the court the full penalty of the law. pheric gas whose existence is assumed GYROSCOPE tion designed for the exploration of condiposit of glaze is termed an ice rain. is propelled upward by means of succestion designed for the exploration of conditions in the upper atmosphere. The rocket is propelled upward by means of successive explosions taking place in the course of its rise. It is intended to carry up selfregistering meteorological instruments. often fall in conjunction with ordinary snow in cold weather. pheric gas whose existence is assumed snow, popularly termed soft hail, which for the purpose of explaining certain than any known gas.
GEORGIA.
Last of the Caucasus states to remain independent. Tiflis fell to Soviet arms, Feb. 25, 1921. Batum taken by Kemalist Turks in March, recaptured by combined Georgian-Russian Soviet forces. Soviet republic established. Georgia included in Transcaucasian Federation under Russian control (Oct. 13, 1921).
GERMANY. Reparations question (see REPARATIONS). March 20-April 2, 1921, communist uprisings in middle Germany.
General strike centering at Halle. Fifty police and 500 rioters killed. March 20, plebiscites in Upper Silesia (see SILESIA, below). April 13, message of condolence from German Government to ex-Kaiser Wilhelm on death of former Kaiserin.
May 10, Dr. Julius Wirth, former Minister of Finance, succeeds as Chancellor and Foreign Minister. May 23, trials of German officers and soldiers for alleged brutalities during World War opened before Supreme Court at Leipsic. Lieut. Neumann, former submarine commander quitted on ground that he had acted under orders. August 26, murder of Matder orders. August 26, murder of Matthias Erzberger, leader of progressive sion of junker and reactionary propaganda against the republic. September 21, greatest explosion in German industrial history at Oppau nitrate plant; 600 persons killed or missing, 2,000 injured.
French troops distinguish themselves in work. September 30, peace treaty ratified with U. S. End of 1921, Germany's disarmament reported to be treaty ratified with U. S. End of 1921, mated at 1 per cent of population. rescue