Griffith
ARTHUR, leader of the Sinn Fein and Irish Free State movewas educated at the Christian Brothers ments, was born in Dublin in 1872, and School in that city. He was founder and first editor of "Sinn Fein" (1906-1915) general election carried by Sinn Fein 1918 he was elected to Parliament in the general election carried by Sinn Fein candidates whose purpose was complete vice president of the Dail Eireann, or Irish Parliament, and was one of the denied passports by the British Governthe Paris Peace Conference, but was denied passports by the British Government. He was sentenced to prison on the charge of sedition, but was freed in June, tions looking to the establishment of permanent peace between England and Irish Free State treaty he was the head of the Irish delegation, and on Jan. 10, 1922, he was elected president of the Dail Eireann, succeeding Eamon De Valera in that office.
GYROSCOPE. Practical applications.
After being known for centuries as a curious toy, the gyroscope has recently found important uses, chiefly in the fields of aeronautics and navigation, where its applications now promise to increase.
Airplane Stabilizing. For the stacally driven gyroscopes are put into conbilizing of airplanes, a pair of electrinection with the ailerons and horizontal rudder of the machine. Any tendency of the airplane to deviate from its balance is immediately felt by the sensitive gyroscopes, which operate the ailerons, or rudder, automatically even before the aviator himself would ordinarily have noticed any deviation. In fact, there are GYROSCOPE situations, as in clouds or fog, when an aviator's own sense of balance and even of earth direction is entirely lost. have Ship Stabilizing. - Gyroscopes likewise been introduced to solve the problem of the rolling of ships, the gyroscopic effort to maintain its axis direction being here brought into play in such a manner as to check the rolling of the vessel before it is able to gather force.
A small control gyro, quickly sensitive to every slight tendency of the ship, directs the corrective movement of the heavy main gyroscope in time to keep the balance true, sensing a roll within a fraction of a second after it starts, and so bringing the main gyro into resistant action in anticipation of the actual need.
The first large ship to be equipped with a gyro stabilizer was the U. S. S. "Henderson," 10,000 tons. The world's largest gyroscope, now nearing completion (March, 1922), has rotors thirteen feet in diameter and weighs about 100 tons.
It is to be installed on an 18,000-ton passenger liner for the U. S. Shipping Board. In connection with ships may be mentioned the gyroscopic steadying platform used for ships' searchlights, and also applied with some success to the guns of war vessels. The gyroscopic artificial horizon for ships at sea was first used as early as 1744. A contrary application of the laws of the gyroscope has recently been made on such vessels as ice HAITI breakers, where appropriate interferences with the natural motions of the gyroscope are employed to cause the vessel to vibrate and rock with a view to aiding it in the crushing of ice or in working itself free from ice packs, etc.
Monorail Car, Torpedoes, etc. The use of the gyroscope in the stabilizing of the monorail car is well known, and the gyroscopic steering of torpedoes was proposed over half a century ago, the gyroscope in this case controlling the torpedo rudder so as to keep a fixed direction. Gyroscope Compass. - One of the most useful of all gyroscopic applications is the gyro compass. Once set spinning, with its axis parallel to the axis of the earth, the gyroscope will continue to point to the true north. The advantages are obvious. The magnetic compass suffers from disturbances in the magnetism of the earth, and is also affected by the steel construction or cargoes of ships.
Its action on warships is thus greatly complicated, while it is useless when inclosed in the steel shells of submarines. All the battleships of the U. S. navy are now equipped with the gyro compass, and its use on merchant ships is increasing.
Among recent examples of the high esteem in which it is held by scientists and navigators may be mentioned its adoption by Sir Ernest Shackleton for use on his Antarctic ship, the "Quest."
H HAITI. By the treaty of 1915 between Haiti and the United States, the latter was given control and administration of Haitian customs and financial affairs, with the general management and supervision of public works, health conditions, and police. American marines had previously been landed for the purpose of restoring order and stability. By 1917 peace had been re-established, but in 1918 opposition arose to the purposes of the American occupation, re resulting in fighting in which numerous Haitians and several American marines were killed.
During 1920 certain charges made became an issue in the presidential camreiterating the charges of incompetence, malfeasance, and atrocities by the marines, demanding the abolishment of martial law and courts, withdrawal of the marines, and abrogation of the treaty of 1915. Secretary Denby denied the charges made, sustaining the findings of the earlier naval commissions; but in August, 1921, a senatorial investigation committee was appointed, which visited Haiti and reported in December. It advised against withdrawal of the American marines and declared that the treaty should be continued, but with greater efforts at co-operation between the American authorities and the Haitians. It depaign in the United States, but investi-clared that order had been re-established gations made by high naval officers resulted in findings creditable on the whole to the work of the marines and to the American occupation. In 1921 a Haitian committee representing a national Haitian organization presented a memorial and that sanitary progress had been made. On Feb. 15, 1922, Major-General John H. Russell, commanding the marines, was appointed High Commissioner to investigate, report on, and supervise the performance of their duties by HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY American officials acting under the Haitian treaty.
HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY. (See PANAMA CANAL TOLLS.)