Home › J › Japan (Premier Takahashi resigned)
Japan (Premier Takahashi resigned)
1922. Premier Takahashi resigned June 2d, and was succeeded by Admiral Baron Kato, recently head of the Japanese delegation at the Washington Conference on Limitation of Armaments. An aggressive and highly creditable program in fulfillment of the various agreements and promises entered into at Washington was at once undertaken by the new government. The Five Power Naval Treaty was ratified and received the sanction of the Prince Regent, August 7th. Steps were also taken to reduce the army, beginning with a first cut of 56,000 men. A decision to evacuate the Maritime Province of Siberia was reached June 24th, and the evacuation was completed on October 26th, KU KLUX KLAN manuel invited Mussolini to form his own government.
The new Cabinet was composed almost wholly of new men, but included General Diaz as Minister of War, while Premier Mussolini retained for himself the control of both foreign and domestic affairs. All treaties, he declared, would be strictly respected. His internal policy would be based on the necessity of work, economy, and discipline for all. The Fascisti armies, after entering Rome in triumph, quietly withdrew and the outward forms of parliamentary government were at once resumed. But the Premier in his first speech before the Chamber avowed the revolutionary nature of his authority and demanded and obtained dictatorial powers to do whatever he might deem necessary for the benefit and regeneration of Italy. Census of Dec. 1, 1921. The population of Italy at the end of 1921 was 38,- 835,184, including 1,564,691 persons in the provinces acquired at the end of the World War.
Northern Sakhalin continued to be held, owing to the Russian government's refusal to grant satisfaction for the Nikolaievsk massacre of 1920. The withdrawal of Japan from the Chinese province of Shantung was finally completed in December, 1922, with the evacuation of the territory of Kiau-Chau by the Japanese troops. All these measures, however, were bitterly attacked by the militarists and other opponents of the Kato government, and a resolution condemning what was called the weak policy of the Cabinet toward China was adopted by the Privy Council, December 29th.
JAPANESE NATURALIZATION DE- CISION. (See UNITED STATES, 1922-23.) K KIAU-CHAU. Japan finally restored the territory to China, December 10, 1922, in accordance with an agreement signed at Washington, (See WASHINGTON CON- FERENCE: SHANTUNG AGREEMENT.) KINAUTOGRAPH. (See AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.) KU KLUX KLAN. (See UNITED STATES, 1922-23.) LABOR LEAGUE OF NATIONS (See LABOR PARTY, BRITISH.
GREAT BRITAIN: ELECTIONS OF 1922.) LABOR UNIONS LIABILITY DE- CISION. See UNITED STATES, 1922-23.) LADD, EDWIN FREMONT, U. S. a Senator from N. Dakota, was born at Starks, Me., December 13, 1859. He received scientific education at the University of Maine, from which he was graduated in 1884. From 1884 to 1890 he was chemist at the N. Y. State Experiment Station, afterwards removing to N. Dakota, where he became professor of chemistry in the N. Dakota Agricultural College and chief chemist in the Agricultural Experiment Station of that state. In 1916 he became president of the N. Dakota Agricultural College.
During the World War he was federal food administrator of N. Dakota. He is the author of various chemical works and reports, and was formerly editor of the N. Dakota "Farmer." In 1920 he was elected U. S. Senator for the term 1921-27.
LATVIA. Recognized by the Allied Powers and the United States, 1921 and 1922. The constitution adopted in 1922 provides for a parliament (Saeima) of 100 members and for a President selected by that body. Latvia was admitted to the League of Nations in September, 1921. A. treaty signed with Poland, Finland, and Esthonia, March 17, 1922, provides for closer relations with these states.
LAUSANNE CONFERENCE. (See NEAR EASTERN QUESTION: CONFERENCE AT LAUSANNE.) LEAGUE OF NATIONS:
Third Assembly.-Held at Geneva, September, 1922. Forty-six nations were represented at the opening, out of a total membership of fifty-one. Augustin Edwards of Chile was elected President.
Hungary was admitted to membership September 18th, while Peru announced its decision not to participate further unless the United States should join. Among the important subjects discussed and acted upon by the Third Assembly were those of disarmament, the more general application of the principle of conciliation in international affairs, and the further ance of international health and relief work. Two general resolutions on disarmament were approved: (1) looking to the establishment of a system of regional guarantees to meet the requirements of nations willing to disarm, but unable to do so in the presence of armed neighbors; and (2) recommending the calling of an international conference for the purpose of extending the principles of the Washington naval limitations agreement to all nations. The Cecil proposal of regional guarantees would provide for a prearranged plan of assistance in case of any nation being attacked, the obligation to render such assistance being limited to countries situated in the same part of the globe. As a first step to permanent reduction of armaments, it was recommended that all European states be invited to reduce their military, naval, and air expenditures to the figures of 1913.
Council Changes and Meetings. An important change in the composition of the League Council was made in 1922 when the non-permanent members, representing the smaller nations of the world in distinction from the so-called Allied and Associated Powers, were increased in number from four to six. The members elected by the Third Assembly were Brazil, Spain, Belgium, China, Sweden, and Uruguay. The Council held its nineteenth meeting in July, 1922, at which the whole mandate system was finally approved, including the mandates for Palestine and Syria. Certain changes in deference to the views of the United States had been made and the full agreement of the United States was announced except as to Mesopotamia or Irak. The critical soituation of Austria led to the appointment of a commission by the Council at its September meeting and a plan was worked out by which Austria was set upon its feet financially and its independence and integrity secured.
Health Section. - An important part of the work of the League since 1920 has been in the protection of international health. The first efforts in this field were called forth by the threatening typhus epidemic in Russia and Poland, 1920. Arrangements made at Warsaw in March, 1922, provide for continued coordination of efforts in attacking and controlling epidemics at their source. Twenty-eight nations are at present cooperating under the League in the task of ridding Eastern Europe of repeated dangerous scourges. In September, 1921, a permanent Health Section of the League was organized and an international reporting system was LIBERIAN LOAN established to supply information of value to the public health services of all nations. The gathering of statistics and the standardization of serums, vaccines , etc., has been undertaken by the League, the U. S. Public Health Service cooperating actively in this work. As one of the leading drug-using nations, the United States was especially invited in 1922 to appoint a representative on the Advisory Committee on the traffic in opium and other dangerous drugs . An American observer had previously been present. Similarly, the United States and Germany were invited to appoint members to the Advisory Committee for the suppression of the traffic in women and children, the United States responding in October, 1922, by the appointment of Miss Grace Abbott, chief of the Children's Bureau of the Department of Labor.
LIBERIAN LOAN. (See UNITED STATES, 1922-23.) LINCOLN MEMORIAL, Park, Washington, a massive, white mar- LINCOLN MEMORIAL, Potomac ble temple erected to the memory of Abraham Lincoln. Dedicated May 30, 1.922. It was designed by Henry Bacon and contains an heroic statute of Lincoln by Daniel C. French. Total cost $3,000,000.
LITHOPONE, a white pigment widely used in the manufacture of white paint and enamels. It has great durability and other popular qualities, but with the disadvantage that it darkens under exposure to sunlight. Efforts have been made to counteract this tendency and satisfactory results have recently been obtained by the addition of zinc oxide or other substances which resist the action of ultraviolet rays.
LITHUANIA. Recognized by the Allied governments and the United States, June and July, 1922.
Admitted to membership in the League of Nations, September, 1921. By the constitution adopted in August, 1922, the supreme legislative power is vested in a Parliament elected by citizens over thirty years of age, without regard to sex. The President of the Republic is elected by the Parliament. The district of Vilna was finally lost to Lithuania by its formal annexation to Poland March 24, March 24 , 1922, following an unsettled controversy between the two countries over this as well as over other boundaries . The seizure of the Baltic territory of Memel by Lithuanian irregular troops early in 1923 led to international complications The territory was awarded to Lithuania by the Council of Ambassadors February 16, 1923.
LUMINOUS LITTLE ENTENTE, a name applied to the cooperative alliance established during 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia , Jugoslavia, and Rumania for the purpose of maintaining their common interests and pursuing a common European policy. The underlying motive of the Little Entente in its early history was to uphold the terms of the peace treaties resulting from the World War to which the states in question owed their political existence and independence. A number of bonds of alliance or close friendship have been formed in accordance with this basic policy, beginning with the convention made by Jugoslavia and Czechoslovakia to support each other against any renewal of Hungarian aggression (1920). Poland, on account of a similar situation, has commonly acted in unison with the Little Entente in European affairs, and more recently the same tendency has appeared among the so-called Baltic States. Common fears of Russia, Germany, and Hungary, as well as many common interests, tend to draw together all the new states of Central Europe .
The total population of the Little Entente, with Poland, is about 75,000,000. LOCOMOTIVES, TURBINE.
TURBINE LOCOMOTIVES.) (See LUCIFERIN. (See COLD LIGHT.) LUMINOUS LUMINOUS ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Beside the familiar glowworm and firefly, a number of species both of plants and animal organisms possess the property of emitting light in darkness. According to Molisch, there are 45 species of fungi which possess this property, including some 20 species of bacteria. To these are probably due the luminescence sometimes reported of birds and larger animals such as a number of species of skunks. Among larger plants, several members of the primrose family have been noted as being slightly luminous in the dark. But the sea is richer than the land in luminous forms , and this apparently at almost all depths.
Copepods, ostracods, and salpae among the simpler forms of sea life often cause the surface of the ocean to glow intensely, one genus of the latter being known as Pyrosoma or the "fire animal," which forms in colonies sometimes several yards in length, moving on the water like a fiery serpent. Many deep-sea fishes possess the property, not only of giving forth light, but even of throwing it in a certain direction. The light organ, as a rule, is surrounded by a layer of black pigment which acts as a reflector, and in some cases the rays are projected through a transparent lens. The source of MACDONALD, JAMES RAMSAY 84 organic luminescence is still only partly understood, but in 1922 Prof. E. N. Harvey of Princeton University succeeded in isolating the substance (called luciferin) by which the light of the glow-worm is produced, and this substance is known to be secreted also by glandular structures in other organisms. In all cases luminescence is produced by some method of oxidation in the organism.
MEMEL LUXEMBURG: Grand Duchy. An agreement of economic union with Belgium went into effect May 1, 1922. Customs duties abolished between the two countries, Luxemburg adopting the Belgian tariff. Belgian commercial treaties, monetary system, and railroad operation extended to embrace Luxemburg, which, however, retained its political sovereignty. M MACDONALD, JAMES RAMSAY, leader of the British Labor Party, was born at Lossiemouth, Scotland, 1866, and received a board school education. For a time he taught school, but in 1900 was chosen secretary of the Labor Party. In 1906 he was elected to Parliament from Leicester as a representative of that party, of which he became leader in 1911.
He was editor of the Socialist Library, 1905, and has published numerous works on the socialist and labor movements.
In 1922, as the result of the great gains of the Labor Party in the general elections of November of that year, he became opposition leader in Parliament.