Jutland Bank
NAVAL BATTLE OF, a naval engagement of the first magnitude, fought between the German and British fleets during the European War, on May 31, 1916.
For months previous to this date the British fleet had been making a prac- tice of occasionally sweeping the North Sea with all its available ships, to discourage any attempt on the part of the German ships to raid the British coast.
On May 31, 1916, one of these patrols in force was in progress, under the command of Admiral Jellicoe, who, himself, occupied a position near the middle of the North Sea, while Vice Admiral Beatty, commanding two battle cruiser divisions, supported by a division of dreadnoughts of the Queen Elizabeth class, Thomas, was some seventy miles to the southward. The weather at the time was calm, but inclined to be foggy, rendering it impossible to see any great distance. under Rear-Admiral Evans- In the middle of the afternoon one of tance. In the middle of the afternoon one of Beatty's ships, the light cruiser "Galathen about ninety miles west of the Danish coast. The "Galatea" steamed forward to investigate, and an hour later found herself engaged with a squadron of five German battle cruisers.
Beatty immediately attempted to intercept the German ships in their attempt to retire, whereupon the German Admiral, Vice Admiral von Hipper, turned and gave battle, at a range of about nine miles. Ten minutes after the first heavy miral, Vice Admiral von Hipper, turned and gave battle, at a range of about nine ship of the British column, was struck by a number of heavy shells fired by the Germans and sunk. Twenty minutes later the "Queen Mary," the latest and best of the British battle cruisers, also JUTLAND BANK but presently Rear Admiral and number of ships was with the Germans, Thomas' dreadnought division came within range, and again the British had the For the next half hour von Hipper's five severe punishment. battle cruisers fought four British battle cruisers and four dreadnoughts, suffering severe punishment.
The British ships were making every man ships, and with effort to cut off the retreat of the Gerevery prospect of success, which would have compelled von Hipper to run to the northward, in the direction toward Jellicoe's fleet of dreadnoughts. But presently the British man dreadnoughts approaching, to the made out the head of a column of Gerrelief of von Hipper. Germans toward the main British fleet, tics, for he was now hopelessly outnumbered. Instead of trying to drive the he turned and ran, hoping to draw the Germans toward the main British fleet, Germans after him in pursuit. The ruse worked well, and von Hipper immediately Admiral von Scheer, followed along benear approach of the main British fleet. The German dreadnought column, under Admiral von Scheer, followed along behind. the most powerful fighting ships in the the northward, with three squadrons of the most powerful fighting ships in the world-twenty-five in all, including his wireless communication of what was go- ing on and was steaming toward the wireless communication of what was goscene of battle at top speed. At about ing on and was steaming toward the under Admiral Hood, sighted Beatty's six in the evening the foremost ships of Jellicoe's column, three battle cruisers peared amidst a great burst of shell and fleeing fleet, and swung into the action. flagship, opened fire, when she disappeared amidst a great burst of shell and smoke.
The main fleet of the British, however, was by this time close at hand, coming to Beatty's rescue. As has already been British Admiral, as he was therefore stated, the weather was overcast and foggy, and this greatly handicapped the British Admiral, as he was therefore unable to distinguish friend from foe on his approach, and did not, therefore, dare to open fire until very close to the scene of action. column opened before him, and the main British fleet swept through, southward, heading for the head of the German line. Beatty's ships also swung southward, parallel with the main fleet, and presently the Germans found themselves in the focus of the fire of practically the whole British fleet. According to the sank under the German fire. For the with the Ger Best Admiral sion came with- British had the Lon their side makin ever of the Ge prospect compelled v hward, in the Brit column of G aching, to Langed his elessly outn to drive In British ng to drave suit. The per immed nscious o in British :column, owed alon foremo battle gated into th incible en s rst of tory by t mameu command had fled Neverthel little of superior mans.
Consider ever, the sh victory na missi oubt; the o missi Ortherly p dies from hole fleet, ck in port e time of d German er the ed.ont TUBEA sus, change whose w ring virgin VENAR VS JUVE tirist; bow ania, abou of Clandiu the most 1 to have Hig was dire and for nd he in honorable mmander last of th ld and un ands with ires are to de way w olovi fferent att nd that its JUTLAND BANK British reports, the German column column. But to the advantage of the tack.
Von The British had succeeded in estab- Germans, night was coming on. Von a whole, turned from east to west, and was in command of the German ships as Scheer, who, as von Hipper's superior, column. But to the advantage of the Germans, night was coming on. the British. Fortunately Jellicoe de- sent his whole fleet of destroyers against was in command of the German ships as a whole, turned from east to west, and sent his whole fleet of destroyers against the two main fleets. At the same time destroyers took place in the fog between tected the strategy, and himself sent forward his destroyers, and a battle of ward, the British fleet passed completely the two main fleets. At the same time the German fleet drew off to the westward, the British fleet passed completely around the German flank and reached a position to the southward, at a point between the German fleet and its base at Helgoland. ships as neither side could distinguish friend set in and firing had practically ceased, as neither side could distinguish friend from foe. During the night there were frequent encounters between the dedaylight came, at about three o'clock, daylight came, at about three o'clock, the fog had lifted, but the German shi were no longer in sight. Jellicoe reported that he conducted a thorough search, but the British ships dared not approach much nearer toward the Gerfleet was back in its home port, taking mines. On the following day the British fleet was back in its home port, taking stock of its losses. These proved to be: cruisers and eight destroyers. The Ger- three battle cruisers, three armored cruisers and eight destroyers. The Germans later reported that they had lost one battleship, one battle cruiser, four light cruisers, and five destroyers.
The total tonnage of British ships lost was 117,150. The Germans acknowl- The total tonnage of British ships lost edged a loss of 60,720. The loss of men by the British was 6,105. That of the edged a loss of 60,720. The loss of men Germans was 2,414.
Of the small number of capital ships rear admirals, Hood and Arbuthnot, went down with their ships. Two ad- rear admirals, Hood and Arbuthnot, mirals, the German von Hipper and the British Burney, shifted their flags in the thickest of the fight; von Hipper from the "Luetzow" to the "Moltke," Burney from the "Marlborough" to the from the "Luetzow" to the "Moltke," the thickest of the fight; von Hipper "Revenge."
One of the outstanding features of this development in naval tactics or methods of fighting during the war, as compared appeared in the land fighting. Neither in the engagement, though available to both sides.
British reports, the German column in the engagement, though available to both sides. made the basis for claims of a great vic- tage in the battle, and this fact was made the basis for claims of a great vic- In material damage and loss of lives tory by the Germans. But the fact recommand of the sea, and the Germans mained that Great Britain still retained Nevertheless, the British fleet had lost a mans. had fled from the superior gunnery shown by the Germans. of action. scene ever, the battle was undoubtedly a British victory. The German fleet had sailed on a mission whose object is still in Considered in its largest aspect, howdoubt; the official despatches described it miles from the German base, and the northerly point reached was only 180 miles from the German base, and the as "a mission to the north." The most back in port within thirty-six hours of whole fleet, or what was left of it, was the time of departure. Whatever it was, whole fleet, or what was left of it, was the German object had failed. More- the time of departure. Whatever it was, over, the German fleet never again ventured out to battle, remaining in port until the end of the war. its influence in bringing the war to a victory. favorable end for the Allies, the Battle of its influence in bringing the war to a Considering Jutland was unquestionably an Allied Daunus, changed by Jupiter into a fountain, whos restoring virginity.
JUTURNA (-turn'-), the daughter of whose waters had the power of restoring virginity. tain, whose waters had the power of Campania, about the beginning of the JUNIUS JUVENALIS), a Roman poet and satirist; born probably in Aquinum, under the most celebrated masters, and is said to have become reign of Claudius. He studied rhetoric satirist was directed against the player pleader. His first essay as a poetical an eminent Paris, and for repeated attacks of the same kind he is said to have been sent into an honorable kind of exile, by being apolis, on the borders of Egypt, in his been the last of the Roman poets, and vice he stands without a rival. Sixteen into an honorable kind of exile, by being to have of his satires are extant. as the bold and unflinching castigator of same kind he is said to have been sent Paris, and for repeated attacks of the tablished to deal separately and in a different way with criminals who are between the ages of 8 and 16. For the been the last of the Roman poets, and last fifty years it has been deemed essertial by penologists that the State should offenders, and that its purpose should be assume a different attitude toward young valiable te and lose of lives had the advan this fact was a great victhe fact restill retained Germans of action. ish fleet had lost a on account of the shown by the Gerlargest aspect, Lowa undoubtedly a Briternan fleet had sailed se object is still in espatches described it th" The most tched was only 180 arman base, and the was left of it, was thirty-six hours of Whatever it was, failed. More ever again ven sining in port Considering a, the Battle of ionably an Allied n'-), the daughter of Jupiter into a foun had the power of (jū've-nil) (DECIUS LIS), & Roman poet probably in Aquinum, he beginning of the studied rhetoric sters, and eminent as a poetical the player of the been sent e by being at Pentin his to have ats, and ator of Sixtoen ww Courts e ely and in a inals who aтe nd 16. For the in deemed essenthe State should le toward young se should be bis, in 1899 Juvenile Co t those of ey the credi eal Juvenils ich State ing the co Formation This Act w of Denve robation og of the e very lat ment. Cor their reformation rather than their pun- ishment. Massachusetts in 1869 estabtheir reformation rather than their punishment. Massachusetts in 1869 established the office of "visiting agent," the and to whom notice had to be sent before the child was sent to jail. The next self with the criminals of youthful age and to whom notice had to be sent before the child was sent to jail. The next movement to tend toward a Juvenile of minors. Illinois, in 1899, passed an criminals from the place place of confinement of minors. Illinois, in 1899, passed an act which many regard as having estabered to deal in an especial and different this act the Circuit Court was empowered to deal in an especial and different inal law such as those of the Grand Jury, though the same processes of the criminal law such as those of the Grand Jury, District Attorney, etc., had to be followed. Perhaps the credit of establishing the first real Juvenile Court is due to Colorado, which State in 1899 passed an act permitting the county courts to act for the reformation of young criman act permitting the county courts to inals. Upon this Act was founded the Juvenile Court of Denver, which Judge Ben B. Lindsey has made so justly fam- ous.
Paid probation officers to look ous.
Paid probation officers to look after offenders are a necessity to the successful working of the Juvenile Court but they came very late in the history of the movement. Comparatively few lished court and designating this func- tion to it. Colorado led the way here, States have established separate Juveown, in every city with a population over lished court and designating this function to it. Colorado led the way here, when in 1907 it established a separate Juvenile Court, with a procedure all its own, in every city with a population over 100,000.
An important phase in the movement to protect the young in our great cities has been the passage of laws by many of the States known as Contributory De linquent Laws, which provide that any parent, guardian, or other person who shall encourage or cause a child to commit a crime shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished accordingly.
In all acts dealing with the Juvenile Court Colorado, under the influence of Lindsey's great work, has been the leader. A vivid account of his experiences is given in his autobiography. Greeks, and was represented as a beaudess, who presided over youth and vigor. Greeks, and was represented as a beau- She is the same as the Hebe of tiful nymph in variegated garments. est, with our April, but it may be as late as May; it has only 29 days. Jewish year, corresponding, at the earliest, with our April, but it may be as late as May; it has only 29 days. separate Juve ing some estab the way her separa all the moveme our great cit aws by many ontributory rovide that er person child to ned guilty ned accordi th the Juy the influenc has beer of his tobiograph a Roman outh and e Hebe nted as a gariner month g, at th it ma 29 days (bard) d), but g k, even ined. In it ade. initial K od for k Carter; K. th. ymbol K of an ob e great the K, k, the 11th letter and the 8th conconsonants except n, the same phonetic letter has before vowels, and before all sonant of the English alphabet. This letter has before vowels, and before all consonants except n, the same phonetic value in all the alphabets where it apto the back of the palate, as in kill, duced by raising the back of the tongue to the back of the palate, as in kill, was used in English at the end of words in English, as in knee, knell, knife. after c, apparently to strengthen the was used in English at the end of words after c, apparently to strengthen the syllables, as check, clock, duck, sick. Forming part of the original Phœnician alphabet, k passed into Greek and syllables, as check, clock, duck, sick.
Forming part of the original Phenician alphabet, k passed into Greek and the oldest Latin; but c was substituted for it in the latter at an early date, and it only present era, moreover, the sound of k or (see below). In the early part of the present era, moreover, the sound of k or c (hard) was lost in Italy. It under by raising the middle instead of the back of the tongue to the palate, and c was sounded as ch (tsh). Those modern alphabets, therefore, derived_from Italy (i. e., Celtic, Modern Italian, French, and Spanish) have, properly speaking, no k, and the sound and letter are only present in a few foreign importations. In those alphabets, however, derived through the plays an important part. But in Eng- Greek (i.e., Teutonic and Slavonic) k alphabets, however, derived through the plays an important part. But in English the letter holds a very ambiguous position. The earliest Anglo-Saxon alphabet, being derived from Roman missionaries, was without k, and e was genally used to represent its sound, but German influence soon introduced it to erally used to represent its sound, but northern England, and made it internorthern England, and made it intertry, and the two letters were used inchangeable with c throughout the counman French of the Conquest brought in differently (cyning, kyning). The Nor- try, and the two letters were used inmany words in which k could have no place, and not only often softened the many words in which k could have no ⚫erally old c (hard) to ch, or c (sibilant cild, child), but gave c general predominance retained. In northern England, however, it continued to words in which in S. dialects k had over k, even when the original sound was given way to ch or c (sibilant) -N. rike (kingdom), S. riche; N. croke (cross), S. crouche; N. Alnwick, S. Greenwich; N. be freely used in likewise, k still retained, as it does to this day, its old importance (kirk and church). K has undergone many other phonetic changes in Indo-European languages. In the Græco-Latin branch it Latin equus and Greek hippos=horse, was sometimes labialized, and became p, guages. In the Græco-Latin branch it Sanskrit kankan, and Greek pente, i. e., penpe = five. In English it has been Sanskrit kankan, and Greek pente, i. e., was sometimes labialized, and became p, occasionally replaced by t, Old English bak, Modern English bat, make=mate, maked-made.
As an initial K is used, in orders of knighthood for knight; as K. G., Knight of the Garter; K. T., Knight of the As an initial K is used, in orders of of the Bath.
As a symbol K is used:
K with a perpendicular stroke below it = 20; but when the stroke is written 1. For numerals (Roman) = 250, or above it, the sum is increased a thousand fold, and it then equals 20,000. As a symbol K is used: and stone, which was, however, destroyed the initial letter of kalium) by which name the metal is also known. 2. In chemistry, for potassium (being bä), the name of an oblong stone building within the great Mosque of Mecca. According to the legend Adam first wor- 2. In chemistry, for potassium (being bä), the name of an oblong stone buildfrom Paradise, in a tent sent down from According to the legend Adam first wor- ing within the great Mosque of Mecca. tuted for the tent a structure of clay and stone, which was, however, destroyed by the Deluge, but afterward rebuilt by tuted for the tent a structure of clay or e (sibilant cild, eneral predominance he original sound was ern England, how to be freely used in 13. dialects khad (sibilant)-N. riko N. croke (cross), S.
Greenwich; N. in Lowland Scotch, ained, as it does to aportance (kirk and uygone many other સ્વભા Inglish it has been by t, Old English sh bat, make=mate, is used, in orders of ht; as K. G., Knight T., Knight of the Knight: Commander s used: (Roman) = 250, or 350,000, in Greek, Jar stanke kolow it ntraks is written aastum (being kalium) by which (käli or kilalong stone build- Tosque of Mecha Adam first wor Mecss , er bis expulsion sint down from Seth substiructure of clay vever, destroyed tex 14 wic once fo for the p 08, & dista ed by the K Crocodils, Barberton 5), a Frenc considera nd N. of Se It is mount Capital, N arge city y, Stephe The terr KABYLE to any o Algeria, migtoes of one Ime al and the C the E ouga in are of stands-rebuilt in 1627-35 to 40 feet high, 18 paces long, 14 wide. Its door, coated with silver, is opened only three times in the year-once for men, once for women, and once for the purpose of cleaning the interior.