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John (Name of various European ister)

the name of various European ister and favorite of Andronicus Palæomonarchs. FRANCE.

JOHN I., King of France, a post- FRANCE. in 1316.

JOHN II., surnamed The Good, a king of France, son of Philip VI.; born in 1319, and succeeded his father in 1350.

In 1356 he was taken prisoner by Edof France, son of Philip VI.; born in carried to England. After the treaty In 1356 he was taken prisoner by Ed- ward the Black Prince at Poitiers and leaving his eldest son, the Duke of Anjou, carried to England. After the treaty of his ransom. But in the meantime the duke escaped back to France. John, however, chivalrously kept his word, and returned to London early in 1364; but he died on April 8 in that same year. without having regained his freedom.

His eldest son, Charles V., succeeded him. logus, who made him guardian of his children, John and Emanuel, with whose mother, Jane of Savoy, he governed for some time with great wisdom and moderation. But, in 1345, he assumed the imperial title in Thrace, and, in 1347, eration. But, in 1345, he assumed the took Constantinople, compelling John Palæologus, who had been crowned in 1341, and who had married his daughter, to retire to Salonica. The exiled monarch, however, with the help of the Genoese, defeated the fleet of the usurper, and obliged him to quit his throne and capital. He then retired to the monascapital. He then retired to the monashimself to literary studies, and wrote a valuable history of the empire, and a defense of Christianity against the Mohammedans. defense of Christianity against the Mofather Emanuel in 1425. His reign was such progress in his dominions as to revery unfortunate, and the Turks made he prejud of Castile dispute t the battl hen turned Africa, He died Great, a father, Ensurr Tor olence of his sub rated far d Japan: of his Inthem the e died in humane ent Buste other, JOHN to a union of the two churches, which in 1439, at which John assisted in per- was performed at the council of Ferrara, to a union of the two churches, which was performed at the council of Ferrara, in 1439, at which John assisted in person. He died in 1448. PORTUGAL.

JOHN I., King of Portugal, was the natural son of Peter, and, in 1383, brother. John I., King of Castile, the Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinand I., his brother. John I., King of Castile, the husband of that princess, disputed the crown, but was defeated at the battle of Aljubarota, in 1385. He then turned his arms against the Moors of Africa, and took Ceuta and other places. He died in 1433.

JOHN II., surnamed the Great, and born in 1455, succeeded his father, Alin his suppression of some insurrections, and afterward he carried his arms into Africa, and was at the taking of Arzile and Tangiers. He afterward defeated and with wise policy encouraged the maritime excursions of his subjects, and favored their settlements on the coasts of Africa and in the Indies. He died in 1495.

JOHN III. succeeded his father, Emanuel, 1521. The beginning of his reign was marked by dreadful earthquakes; but John, with benevolence and wisdom, relieved the miseries of his subjects, and encouraged commerce and navigation. His fleets penetrated far into the East, and discovered Japan; and to insure the tranquillity of his In- into the East, and discovered Japan; dian settlements he sent among them the celebrated Francis Xavier. He died in 1557, deservedly respected as a humane and enlightened monarch.

JOHN IV., surnamed the Fortunate; born in 1604, was the son of Theodore , Duke of Braganza. He employed all the powers of his mind, and of his situation, to the emancipation of his country, which the Spaniards, after the death of Sethe Spaniards, after the death of Seas a tributary province, and by the as a tributary province, and by the shook off the odious yoke, and was proclaimed king, 1640. He died in 1656. JOHN V. succeeded Peter II., 1707. He espoused the cause of the allies in the wars of the Spanish Succession, and when the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, restored tranquillity to Europe, he devoted himself to the encouragement of commerce, of literature, and of industry among his subjects. He died in 1750.

JOHN VI., second son of Peter III., was appointed regent when his mother, JOHN Maria I., lost her reason, in 1799. In 1807 he was driven by the French from Portugal, whereupon he took up his residence in Brazil, with the title of emperor. On the death of his mother, in 1816, he was proclaimed king, but did not return the constitutional party in Portugal. to Portugal gal till 1821. In 1823, French The independence of Brazil was recogintervention again destroyed the hopes of nized in 1825, and the king died in 1826.

CASTILE AND LEON. ceeded his father, Henry II., in 1379, at the age of 21 years. He made war on JOHN I., King of Castile and Leon, suo- Portugal, for the purpose of placing his son on the throne of that country, but "Father of His Country," for his gener- was unsuccessful. He was surnamed ous and just rule of his kingdom. He was unsuccessful. He was died in 1390. surnamed Henry III., and was proclaimed king when less than two years of age, his JOHN II.; born in 1405; was son of uncle Ferdinand being appointed regent.

He made war successfully against the kingdoms of Aragon and Navarre, and the Moors of Granada. He greatly assisted in the restoration of Spanish literature, and was father of the celebrated Isabella and Henry IV. He died in 1454.

ARAGON.

JOHN I., King of Aragon, succeeded his father, Peter IV., in 1387. Throughout his reign he was continually at hoshis father, Peter IV., in 1387. Throughascended the throne of Navarre out his reign he was continually at hos- JOHN II., son of Ferdinand the Just, ascended the throne of Navarre on on Blanche, his mother, had left the crown brother. He was for a long time at war with his son Don Carlos, to whom of Navarre at her death, in 1441. He died in 1479, leaving the kingdom to his son Ferdinand the Catholic.

BOHEMIA.

Emperor Henry VII., was elected to the throne in 1310, at the age of 15. He was