Juarez
BENITO (Hö-ä'reth), President of Mexico; born of Indian parents in Gueletao, Oaxaca, March 21, 1806. He became an advocate, and as governor of his native state (1847-1852) was distinguished both for his ability and his honesty. Exiled during the dictatorship of Santa Ana, he returned when the republic was restored, and in 1857 was elected president of the Supreme Court (equivalent to vice-president of the nation). On the overthrow of the Liberal president by the clerical party in 1858 Juarez assumed the executive, but was compelled to retire to Vera Cruz, where his government was recognized by the United States in 1859, and whence he issued decrees abolishing religious orders and confiscating Church property. In January, 1861, he was able to enter the capital, and in March was elected president for four years. In December of the same year the allied forces of England, France, and Spain occupied Vera Cruz; in April the British and Spanish withdrew, but the French remained, and declared war against Juarez, who retreated gradually to the N. frontier, and remained for nearly a year at El Paso del Norte. He entered Mexico City again in July, 1867, MAXIMILIAN (q. v.) having been shot meanwhile by order of courtmartial. Juarez was again elected president for four years-years disturbed by repeated revolutionary attempts. In 1871 he was re-elected, and the risings became even fiercer and more frequent.
He died in Mexico, July 18, 1872.
JUBA (jö'bä), a great river of Eastern Africa, which flows into the Indian Ocean at about. lat. 0° 5' S., and whose mouth marks the N. boundary of the coast placed under British control by the agreement with Germany in 1890.
JUBA (jö'bä), the name of two Kings of Mauritania and Numidia, important kingdoms of Northern Africa, prior to and after the fall of Carthage. JUBA I. flourished about half a century B. C., and, having declared for Pompey in the struggle for mastery among the first triumvirate, on the murder of Pompey, Cæsar invaded the kingdom of Mauritania, and Juba being defeated and compelled to fly, in despair fell on his sword 42 B. C. JUBA II., the son of the former, was carried prisoner to Rome while yet a youth, when Cæsar drove his father from the throne. On the fall of the second triumvirate, Augustus Cæsar, who had