Kan-Kiang
a river of China, which traverses the province Kiang -si from S. to N., and after a course of 350 miles, flows into the Yang-tse-Kiang.
KANO (kä-noō'), capital of a province of the same name (pop. about 2,250,000) in the Negro State of Sokoto, Central Africa (now part of British Northern Nigeria) in the middle of the country, about 250 miles S. S. E. of the city of Sokoto. Principal industry weaving and dyeing of cotton cloths. Pop. is about 100,000. width, and bounded by bluffs, rising 50 to 300 feet. The Missouri river forms nearly 75 miles of the State's N. E. the State's N. Ε. boundary. The Kansas river, formed by the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, joins the Missouri at Kansas City, after a course of 150 miles across the State. The Arkansas, rising in Colorado, flows with a tortuous course, for nearly 500 miles, across threefourths of the State. It forms, with its tributaries, the Little Arkansas, Walnut, Cow Creek, Cimarron, Verdigris, and Neosho, the S. drainage system of the State. Other important rivers are the Saline and Solomon, tributaries of the Smoky Hill; the Big Blue, Delaware, and tributary of the Wakarusa, which flow into the Kansas; and the Osage, a tributary of the flow into the Kansas; and the Osage, a Missouri.
Geology. The rock system of Kansas is exceedingly simple. Over almost the be rocks a the W. N.
The E. and f about 15 Be the avera In the sta lie he mations an scending se outcrops ous, in a eding 60 S. E. corne Carbonif of the State rly the p E. middle c s wide, e S. to Cov he Triassic of about sas river, nd of the the S. line Bunty to Ch 7. middle, d State, from and Smit State, S. the S. W. with the counties i State, wit W. and S. nt of post in the Adle and W al drift cov ferous in t s far W. angas river minerals , obtainabi bituminos from the um from t alk and li ignite and state fro sils of the all marine sponges, amellibram 3, limeston solidly fa sous fossils water she rds, and lants and olia, and of ate; popla es of colder ut, cak, lar to tho recent fo KANSAS entire State the rocks are monoclinal and dip gently to the W. N. W., at an average rate in the E. and central portions of the State of about 15 feet to the mile, or about double the average slope of surface to the E.
In the W. part of the State the strata lie horizontally. The geological formations succeed each other in a regular ascending series, from S. E. begin with the sub-Carboniferous sub-Carboniferous, in a small triangular 60 square miles in extent, in the S. E. corner of the State; followed by the Carboniferous , covering the E. quarter of the State; the Permian, or more properly the permo-Carbonifmiddle covering a belt about 60 miles wide, extending from Sumner counties; the Triassic, embracing a triangular tract of about seven counties S. of the Arkansas river, with its apex in the great bend of the Arkansas and its base along the S. line of the State from Sumner county to Clark; the Cremiddle, covering about one-third of the State, from Washington, Smith counties, on the N. line of the State, S. E. to the Arkansas river and the S.
W. corner of the State; and end with the Tertiary, covering about 20 counties ering about 20 counties in the N. W. , with occasional tracts in the S. W. and S. There is a very small amount of post-Tertiary or recent formation in the valleys, scattered over the middle tered over the middle and W. portions of drift covers the Permian and Carboniferous in the N. E. corner of the State as far W. and S. as the Big Blue and Kansas rivers.
Minerals. The minerals of Kansas are lead and zinc, obtainable from the sub-Carboniferous; bituminous coal, petroleum and gas , from the Carboniferous; salt and gypsum from the ous; salt and gypsum from the Permian and lignite from the Cretaceous; lignite and silica in an exceedingly fine state from the Tertiary.
KANSAS mastodon, and other mammals of great are found remains of horse, elephant, size. con- Mineralogy. The chief mineral proproduced 45,451,017 barrels of petroleum, duct is petroleum. In 1918 there were valued at $100,546,202 . Kansas tains part of the Kansas-Oklahoma oil fields. Other mineral products are lead, zinc and coal. The production of the latter in 1919 was about 5,750,000 short CANSAB sins of horse, mammals he chief miner barrels of per 1,202. Kanse Kansas-Oklah moral products a production of produc s about 5,750,000 of salt, Kansas e is also a larg products , and the $ 2,000,000 annual e States. tons. The State is also a large producer of clay products, and these are valued at over $2,000,000 annually. In the production of salt, Kansas ranks fourth among the States . Other mineral products of the State include sulphur, chalk, alum, portland nese, lime, marble, kaolin, gypsum, ochre, chalk, alum, portland cement, mangaof iron. brown hematite, and numerous other ores those mineral substances necessary to Soil. The soil is exceptionally rich in support vegetation, and is consequently very fertile. In the E. it consists of a black sandy loam with a vegetable mold, and in the W. it is of a lighter color, have a soil from 2 to 10 feet in depth, but greater depth. The bottom lands but greater depth.
The bottom lands and the hills, from 1 to 3 feet. Only a small portion of the State consists of trees being the ash, cottonwood, oak, elm, walnut, hickory, maple, hickory, maple, mulberry, sycamore, pecan. box elder, willow, cherry, redbud, and Kansas makes it one of the foremost ag- Agriculture.
The excellent soil of ricultural States.
The acreage, production and value of the principal crops acres, production 69,362,000 bushels, in 1919 was as follows: corn, 4,475,000 value $97,107,000; oats, 1,574,000 acres, value $32,287,000; wheat, 11,624,000 151,001,000 bushels, value $324,652,000; hay, production 4,507,000 tons, value $71,211,- 000; potatoes, production 5,168,000 bushels, value $9,819,000; sorghums, bushels, value $26,832,000. 1,040,000 acres, production 17,888,000 nay, 1,832,000 acres, were Manufactures. In 1914 there 3,136 manufacturing establishments, employing 41,259 wage earners. The capi- Fossils. The fossils of the Carboniferous formation are all marine, consisting of foraminifera, brachiopods, and lamellibranchs. They are quite numerous , limestone rocks in some places being solidly full of their shells. The Cretaceous fossils consist of marine and fresh water shells, fishes, birds, and impressions of leaves of aerial plants and trees, such magnolia, and other trees of sub-tropical climate ; poplar, willow, birch, and other trees of colder climate; together with walnut, oak, sycamore, and other trees similar to those of the present day.
In the recent formations The capital invested amounted to $163,709,000, the wages paid to $25,970,000, the value of the materials used $ 261,248,000, and the value of the products $323,234,000.
The chief manufacturing establishments Topeka, Leavenworth, and Wichita. are located at Kansas City, Argentine, The principal articles of manufacture include cured and packed meats, flour and grist, railroad cars , dairy products, foundry and machine shop products, mabooks, saddlery and ortland cement, m Other m State include su and numerous othe is exceptionally r substances necessa lon, and is consequ the E. it consiste with a vegetable is of a lighter 2 to 10 feet in d 1 to 3 feet. OF the State consist abundant trees oak, elm, wa ulberry, sycan cherry, redbud, The excellent soil one of the foremost The acreage, pro of the principal c on 69,362,000 bush 10; hay, oats, 1,574,000 ac wheat , 11,624, 151,001,000 bush 00; hay, 1,832,000 acr 1000 tons, value $71,21 production 5,168,0 $9,819,000; sorghur production 17,888,0 00; wheat 6,832,000.
In 1914 there we ring establishments, en age earners. The cap ounted to $168,709,00 $25,970,000, the valu used $261,248,000, aз cts $323.234.00 g establishment City, Argentin orth, and Wichita icles of manufacture in packed meats, flour an cars, dairy products hine shop products, ma books , saddlery and KANSAS harness, soap and candles, tobacco and cigars, and refined zinc.
Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were 234 National banks in operation, having $12,353,000 in capital, deposits $101,287,000 and surplus $6,942,000.
There were also 1,068 State private banks, having total deposits of $280,- 297,000 and $12,488,000 surplus.
Education. The school population is about 625,000, and enrollment about 410,000. The average daily attendance in 1920 was about 300,000. The teachers number about 17,000. The State institutions of learning ing are the State University at Lawrence, attendance 1,251, State Normal School at Emporia, State Agriculture College at Manhattan.
For higher education there were over 200 public high schools, and many private secondary schools. The colleges and universities for both sexes include the Oswego College for Young Ladies at Oswego, and the College of the Sisters of Bethany at Topeka. Among the most noted colleges are the Baker University at Baldwin, Washburn College at Topeka, Campbell University at Holton, St.
Mary's College at St. Mary's, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Southwest Kansas College at Winfield, Bethany College at Lindsborg, and McPherson College at McPherson.
Transportation. -The total mileage of first track railroads in the State is 9,- 648. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe and the Missouri Pacific are the longest lines.
Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Methodist Episcopal; Roman Catholic; Regular Baptist, North; Disciples of Christ; Presbyterian, North; United Brethren; Congregational; Friends; and Lutheran, General Council.
Finance. The receipts for the year ending June 30, 1918, amounted to $15,- 066,209, and the disbursements to $15,- 005,384. The balance in the treasury amounted to $2,795,546. The State has no bonded debt.
Charities and Corrections. - The following institutions are under the control of the State Board of Administration:
Penitentiary at Lansing; Industrial Reformatory at Hutchinson; Girls' Industrial School at Beloit; Boys' Industrial School at Topeka; Industrial Farm for Women at Topeka; hospitals at Topeka, Osawatomie, Larned and Parsons; Home for Feeble Minded at Winfield; Orphans' Home at Atchison; Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Norton; School for the Blind at Kansas City; and School for the Deaf at Olathe.
KANSAS CITY a
State Government. The governor is elected for term of two years, Legislative sessions are held biennially and are limited to 50 days each. The Legislature has 40 members in the Senate, and 125 members in the House. There were 8 representatives in Congress. The government in 1920 was Republican.
History. Kansas was included in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, and is believed to have been visited by an army of Spaniards and Indians in 1541. It was explored by the French in 1724, and by Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, of the United States army, in 1806. It was made a Territory in 1854, and disputes between the slavery and abolition parties made Kansas a scene of bitter partisan conflict. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 opened a new field for the extension of slavery, of which the slaveholders of Missouri and the South hastened to avail themselves, while the anti-slavery party of the North made equally vigorous efforts to people the new Territory. The result was a series of conflicts which continued for four years, fights taking place, towns being burned, and illegal voting freely indulged in. In the end the party opposing slavery triumphed; a constitution excluding slavery was adopted in 1859, and Kansas was admitted as a State, Jan. 29, 1861. During the Civil War Kansas sent into the field a larger number of soldiers, in proportion to its population, than any other State. After the Civil War there was a great influx of immigrants, and since then there has been peace and steady progress.