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Munhall (LEANDER WHITCOMB ment during)

LEANDER WHITCOMB, ment during the Civil War, becoming adjutant of the regiment. Joined the Methodist Episcopal Church and became an evangelist after the war. It is estiment during the Civil War, becoming adjutant of the regiment. Joined the an evangelist after the war. It is esti- Methodist Episcopal Church and became MUNICH taled up to nearly 20,000,000 individuals, of which 200,000 have become converted. 346 MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT MUNICH (mu'nik) (German München), the capital city of Bavaria, on an extensive plateau, about 1,700 feet above sea-level, chiefly on the left bank of the Isar. The old town has a quaint and irregular character, but the new town, which has sprung up chiefly to the N. and W., has a regular and imposing appearance, and altogether Munich is one of the finest towns in Germany. Vast improvements are due to the munificence of King Ludwig I. The royal palace forms a very extensive series of buildings chiefly in the Italian style, and contains many magnificent apartments and rich artistic and other treasures. Connected with it are the court church and the court and national theater, among the largest in Germany. The city is highly celebrated for its fine galleries of sculpture (Glyptothek) and painting (Old and New Pinakothek), and for various other important collections, such as that of the Bavarian national museum.

The royal library (occupying a fine building in the Florentine style) has upward of 1,000,000 volumes and 30,000 MSS., being thus one of the largest in Europe.

The university had in 1915, 265 professors and teachers, and 5,539 students in was from the centralized government of the State or nation. Municipal governments were first granted this measure of autonomy under the Roman Empire, especially in the outlying colonies, where the interference of the imperial governor was curtailed in matters pertaining exclusively to local affairs. When the Franks conquered Italy and France, the cities were allowed to retain a large measure of this autonomy, as was notably the case in Cologne, where, up to the time of the first French Revolution, the two chief magistrates still retained the titles of "consuls." Other cities, such as Venice, Florence, and Hamburg, attained complete independence, and would enter into offensive and defensive alliances with foreign governments. In England charters were first granted to the municipalities, or burghs, by the Normans. Here, as in all European countries during the Middle Ages, it was the policies of the kings to grant greater freedom to the cities, to offset the growing power of the feudal lords. The officials, however, were not chosen by popular suffrage, but by the wealthier citizens, the merchants, and by the guilds, which were organizations of traders and crafts These crafts organizations were especially powerful in Scotland. workers. theology, jurisprudence, medicine, It was not till the early part of last philosophy, together with a library of form arose, and with it a demand century that a cry for electoral relibrary over 300,000 volumes. There is an academy of science, an academy of arts, and many fine churches, including the cathedral, founded in 1488. In addition to the public edifices, properly so called, Munich is rich in monuments, which adorn its squares, gardens, and public promenades. The so-called English Garden (laid out by Count Rumford) is a fine park of 600 acres watered by two arms of the Isar. The industries were numerous, and in some particular branches have acquired a high name.

Among others may be mentioned painted glass and other artistic productions, mathematical, optical, and surgical instruments, gold and silver lace, jewelry, glass, carriages, bells, musical instruments, etc. Munich is the seat of the high courts of legislature and of law, and of all the more important offices of the state. It was founded by Henry, Duke of Saxony, in 962; taken by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632, by the French under Moreau in 1800, and by Napoleon in 1805. Pop. about 650,000.