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New York (State in the North Atlantic)

a State in the North Atlantic Division of the North American Union; bounded by Ontario, Vermont.

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Long Island Sound, and the Atlantic Ocean; one of the original 13 States; number of counties, 62; capital, Albany; 5,997,853; (1900) 7,268,012; (1910) area, 47,620 square miles; pop. (1890) 9,113,279; (1920) 10,385,227. tem lies in the N. E. corner, W. of Lake Topography. - The Adirondack sys- Champlain, and contains the only great forest remaining as a public domain within the boundaries of the State.

Its highest peaks are Mount Marcy, 5,379 feet; Mount MacIntyre, 5,183 feet; and Haystack, 4,919 feet. Other high peaks are Skylight, Whiteface, Clinton, Dix, Baldface, and Hopkins. S. of the Adirondacks lie the Catskills, noted for their scenic beauty, and as a summer resort.

These mountains form the termination of a chain extending into the State from New Jersey, and are a continuation of the Blue Ridge range. Another branch enters the State at its S. boundary_and terminates in the Highlands on the Hudson. These mountains range in altitude from 1,500 to 3,500 feet. Among the more prominent are Beacon Hill, Bull Hill, and Butter Hill. A third range exappearing on the N. side of the river tends N. as far as the Mohawk, and renecting with the Adirondacks. The W. continues toward Lake Champlain, conportion of the State is undulating, descending in rolling terraces to Lake Ontario. The river systems are divided into two divisions, one flowing N. to the Great Lakes, and St. Lawrence, and the other reaching the Atlantic by the Hudson. The Hudson river, the most important in the State, rises in the Adirondack Mountains and is navigable for 150 miles. The St. Lawrence forms 100 miles of the Canadian boundary. Other important rivers are the Mohawk, entering the Hudson at Cohoes, the Susquehanna, formed by the Chenango and Tioga, the Delaware, Niagara, Black, Genesee, Oswego, and Allegheny. The lakes are numerous and noted for their beauty. One half of Lakes Ontario, and Champlain, and the E. end of Lake Erie are property of the State. Lake George, S. of Lake Champlain, is an extensive DEL T Delaware Hank Livingston nor Claryville arksville Neversink Liberty b Sundown Binnewater Rosendale Lake West Park Mohonk Lal Kerhonkson R. Lord Voodbourne Ub Fallsburg New Paltr Calicoon Hurlerville SULLIVA Gree Ellenville Greenfield Cochectonc Centerville Sta.

White Lake Monticello Summitville Narrowsburg Wurtsboro d Minnewaska Highland Gardiner 74° Matiboroo Pine Bush Roseton Bullville Walden Cirolevilleo Montgomery Otisvill Howells Newburgh Godellroy Pondaddy O Hartwood o Barryville Sparrow Bush Matamoras Milford Delaware R burg Unionvi Noutoo Sussex Middletown AN New Hamptono O ervis Westtown Monroe o Florida ine ster Park Stanfordville Ameni Staatsburg Hyde Park Millbro Dover Plains Poughkeepsie DUTCHESS Warpingers Falle New Hamburg Stormville Matteawan م Pawling Pasterson Towherr Mahkil Lon the Hudson All PUTNA D Carmel Brewster Cold Spring Garrison Mahopad Washington Coroa Fille West Point Goshen Chester Highland Falis Turner kskills Ardeno Tomki Cornwall ROCKLAND Ossuing Hillburn New Cr. 75° Warwick deno ow Milford Haverstram Tuxedo Park ON W LAndover Belvidere Morristown Phillipsburg Somerville Riemington 75° CA Hamilton D Caledonia Chippawa Grand Cayuga Jack Croton Falls Katonah Cross River Bedford Sta Proton on Hudson Plea N Obanksville S.Norwalk Louisville Norfolk Y Yonkers Mt. Vernon Paterson Newark E Hobe Jersey Elizabeth Now Brighton 76 ONE KINGS White 73° SOUTHEASTERN PART New Milford Waterbury Housotonic R.

Danbury Bridgeport OF NEW YORK New Haven Same Scale as Main Map N Connecticut R.

Lake Ν. 72° Thames R.

New London UN D Fishers O Rocky Pt.

Greenport LONG ISLANDS Eatons Pt. • Mamaroneck Lloyd Pt.

Rochelle Bay • Harrison New Grönt Nook ९ Glen Coveyster Sea Cliff Stony Brook Smithtown Bay o Northport • Smithtown Part Washing oodbury Baiting Hollow Wading River Port Jefferson Middle Island Manorville L. Ronkonkoma F Yaphank S Central US Islipo Patchogue Flushing NASSAU Hicksville 50 80 Cy. Bay Shoreo QUEENSPEL • 70 Jamaica port Great South Pabylon Amityville Places of 100,000 and over New York Lawrence Roorville Cen.

Brook ~ 30 SCALE OF KILOMETERS New York Brooklyn Stapleton CONEY STATEN onik Princebay RICHMOND Perth Amboy Cottenville O New Brunswick NEW YORK A Toronto LA Port Dalhousie St. Catherines A R.

WELLAND CANAL Youngsto Niagara Lewiston Niagara Uniko 79° B K E 1 0 Appleton Olcotto Bart Wilson dewfane Ransomville Modeltown Sanborn A Londonville Barker D Millers • Middleport ERIE NEW YORK GAR SOUTHEASTERN PART Falle OF awands Welland GRAND Getzville Williamsville Clarence NG N A Bay Bay Savville T 78° 。 Horton Pt.

Southold Mattifuck Riverhead, 0 Peconic I FISHERS I. ✓ PLUM 1. elt Gardiners Block Island Sound Montauk (Shelter I Bay GARDINERS 2 Bay SHELTER 1.

Sag JK Harbor 1. Montan Amagansett Bridgehampton Southampton VW Good Ground Eastpor OCEA ESLAND • Brook Haven I C County Towns © Railroads. Kingston Point Breeze Carlyono London W. Kendall Kent ORLEAN CANALO Morton Albion Holley N. 1 Shelby Basoma Same Scale as Main Map o Clarenceo Manitou Pt.

Hilton Brockport Haulino N. Greece Spencerport Claverhouse Charlotte R 440 Picton N Carthage 77 E 75° NEW YORK SCALE OF STATUTE MILES 10 20 30 40 50 SCALE OF KILOMETERS 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Pt. 41 2 Places of 100,000 and over New York Lake Indian Lake, Lake Pleasant 10,000 to 25,000 Niagara Falls County Towns Railroads.

Canals Kingston Waddy N Massena Cen.

Louisville Louisville Raymondville Cornwall O Sprs.

N. Lawrence Norfolk Winthropo Mayfield Madrid Madrid: Sots:

Lisbon Ordensbur Stratford R Raquette Potsdam Canton F Fort Covington Bombay S.Bombay • Brasher Cen. N Bangor Brushton Moira O Norwood Nicholvill Dickinson awrenceville Hopkinton Parishville Hannawa Rensselaer Falls Trout P Falls Pierrepont Colton Wicke Depeyster Morristown Brier Hill G Dekalb Jc.

S.Colton Longbow Black LAWRENCE Hammondo Pope Mills E Bigelow Lake Hammond Brasie COTS 20 Palmerville'o Alder GRINDSTONE Fishers Redwood swegao Rossie Gouverneur Prospect Landing Therese Indian Oxbow Antwerp L Stark Clare Hollywood V Degrasse Clarksboro Marcy S.Elwards wege Cen.

Sun 74° Frontier A Mooera Forks Mode Churubusc Chateat Ellenburg Depot Constable Brainardsville 6 1 Ellenburg B Chateaugay Chateauge Malone Whippleville Chasm Falls Bangor Skerry Reynoldston Lodyer Summit Kemptonp St. Regis Falls Chassy G Cham Sclota Windham CLINTON O Plattsburg 20 Ishead (Lyon Mt. Dannemora Chateangay L. Chazy L.

Clara Meacham Lake Inman FRANKLI Madawaska Meacham L. Loon Lake Blue Mt.

Lake Kushaqua St. Regi Rainbow Lake Regis P Paul Smiths Upper St. Regis Bay Pondo Jordan L.

SP Moffittsville Hobart Grand Prattsv Redford pa Lapham Peru o Valcour P LOTT ORTH HERO 1.

North Hero GRAND ISLE Big Indian "Keeseville Ausable Chasm Clintonville Alderbrook Blackbrook.

Vermontville land Bloomingdale Ausabl Port Douglass Delhi Jay Willsborg Point Willsborogo Up.Saranac Ampersand Wilmington Upper Jay Deerhead Upper Algonquin Derrick - Kildare Edmeston ville Wawbeek Faust ) Sevey Childwold Gale Clinton Massawepie Plercefieto Cranberry Lake Oswegatchie Benson Cranber Os Newtonfalls Fine Spragueville Bonapar Harrisville Philadelphia Clayton THOUSAND La Fargeville Orleans WOLFE CARLETON 1. Four Cors Depauville Florence Point Chaumont Evans Mills Chaumont FFERSON Bridge AMHERSTI ISLANDS Cen.

Bay Pt.

Pt. Peter 0 RI Fairbanks Pt.

Ontario Cen Williamson Ontario o Webstero Lincoln Great-Sodus Bl Sodus Pt Sodus Rochester Wolworth, Lincoln Parko Elba ron Clarendon Cold Water Chille Churchville Black Pittsford E. Rochester Oakfield, Bergen Clifton Cr. Henrietth Batavia Morganville Scottsville Pembroke Crittenden G Le Roy Mum fod Marion N.Huron o Cape Vincent Page C GRENADIER Chaumont Pt. Peninsula Pierrepont Manor STONY Lycoming 0 Oswego N.Hannibal Fair Haven Sterling Valo Red Creek Sterling St Volcott Victory Limerick Black B Sacket Lacona Richland Henderson Belleville Woodville Vermillion Oswego R. unibal Pt.Peter Ira Sterlingville Bonaparte Natural Black River Carthage Aldrich Egatch Watertown Deer River Beaver Burrs.Mills Mannsville Band creek 8. Rutland Copenhagen Central Square Adams Cen. Barnes Cors.

Adams Pierrepont Lacona Oswego 이 Croghan R Mines Streater L 0 Sana P.

Wanakena Lake Placid M Walton Sanford Sha Essex o Saranac Lake/ Whallonsburg, Low. Saranac Lo Newman Keene Elizabeth Wadham Mrd. Saranac. L. Mt. Maroy town Westport 0 Coreys Tupper Lake Ampersand P Moody Ireland Keene ACK RESS NEX NE TD Benderson L. St. Huberts Russia Mineville Moriah Ceno الے Sanford L Catlin In Boreas Mi. Elk L.

Sabattis Lit. Tupper L.

Long Bog L Lake Long Lake Newcomb Nehasane Nehasane Le 16 Deerland Brandreth L aroth L Sta.

Nest 73° Kingston V স Burlington Moriaho Port Henry Blueridge N.Hudson Crownpoint Schroon Lisle Triangle Nanticoke Lake σ Chain Lake Tahawus Boreas R M Kirschnerville Number Four Antlers 2 Big Moose Raquette Eagle Towahloondah Beaver River Lake Blue Min. Lake Beaver Falls New Bremen- Lowville Watson Worth D EW IS o Greenboro Solmon New Centerville R Black R Big Moose Raquette Lake RODEagle Baya Minbowbrook HAMILTON 1 Inlet Old Forge Brantingham Fultono Fulton ulton Lakes Manor Diamond Re Rector Glenfield Hannibal Fulton Page Lyons Falls Port Leyden Talcottville Fernwood Mohawk Hillo Demster Boonville SWE W.Leyden Mexico Maple View Williamstown Florence Point Rock • Glenmore Tale Marion Palermoo Hastings Fulton R Meridian gton Springlakes to 6 Sodus Cen. S. Butler Cross L Lyons Newe O N Fairport Macedop Palmyra Mendon Fishers Port Gibsonl Rochester Shortsville Jc.

Victon N. Bloomfield Canandaigus Border Cy GENESEE Caledonia Honeye Falle Bloomteld Corfu Lo New Haven Buffalo Slono Grandmote Deper Alden, pasien Alors der Layllion For Port Colborne 73° Erie 80° Dunkirk Lancaster Lackawanna Ebenezer Elms Blasdell E R Athol Sprslo Hamburg Or Park N.Evane Derby Angola Farnham Brant Orchard E.Aurora Wales Cen, Bristol Avon Fowlerville Lima Lakeylile O No/T Livonia Bristol % Hemlock Cen 10 I York Attica Pearl Orbek Waterbury Cuylerville Varysburg Perry Cen Mosco Warsaw Johnsonburg Perry Bridgeport N.Java Silver Silver L.

YOMING New Milford Silver Sprs.

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West Falls ville Eden Boston Glenwood Java Gainesville ON Collins Chafee Lawton Sta.

Bliss E. Concord Eagle Collins Cen.

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Sardinia Arcade Faugus Déleyan E.Otto Ottoo Perrysburg Collins Springville Freadem Silver Creek Sheria Smiths dan Mills Forestville Fredonia Hamlet Park 10 6 Plains Falls Park Vineyard Portland Brocton Lilly Dalee Stocktono Centralin Cherry CreekoC Westfield Mayville 。 Cattaraugus ooOtto Leon a O P o Clyde Clifton Sors. Falls O Phelps Geney RIO Cheshire Sen een Gorham C Conesys D. Crock Honeoye L. Honeoye Cananduigua Hem Conekus Groveland Crossing Tuscarora Sta.

LIVINGSTO ○ Portage Hunt ville Fillmore Genesee Houghton Sta. Rushford Caneaden Oramel Nunda Dalton Dansville Canas Bedford Whitney Crossings Burns avannah Seneca R Altmar Kasoag GO 70 Westdale Amboy Cen Camden Central Square Constantis Clay Bridgeport W Monroe Phenix A BelgiumO Chain McKeever ام Indian Lake Sabael Moose R. Cadar Lake Indian Woodhull Moose River Otter Lak Leyden Sta Chub L Atwell White Lake Core Alder Greez N R W Canada Lakes mnedagas L.

Honneda Spruce L Lake New haven Crownpoint Con.

Fr. Ticonderoga, Mt. Pharaoh Ticonderoga Rogers Rock Wright Lisle Loch Muller S.Schroon Schroon Le Hague Hudson Minerve Taylors Berkshire Brantlake Wevertown R Essex Jo. 1 2 Middlebury 44 Putnam Sta Rutland R Pottersville Brant L. Silver Bay Horicon LAKE Chestertown Johnsburg GEORGE Bolton Landingu Sagamore Bolton Warrensburg Candor Spencer I Tioga North River North Creek Sodom Garnet W Thurman Griffin 91 Knowelhurst WiStony Creek Stony Creek Wells Speculator L. Alford Bla Honnedaga Lake Pleasant) Wilmurt NorthwoN Brad est Branch Hinckler Clifton Remsen Prospect Grant ronhards Bay McConnells Holland Patent Trenin W.Vienna N.Bay Rome Stittville HO Falls Poland Marcy Middleville la Oneida Lake State. Bridge, Oriskany Whitesboro • N. Syracuse ampsville Vernon Clark Durhamville Oneids NewYork Rochester Liverpool Onondaga E. Syracuse Warner Jordan ERIE T Skaneateles Clyde R. Cayuga burn skaneatele Seneca Waterloo 6 Canoga Mapleton Fayette 010 MacDougall Aufora Sprs Canastota CANAL Kenwood Mine Vernon Clinton Deansboro TarnesdaPleasant Lake E Benson Benson Cen. o Ferris L.

RREN LE Lake Kaatskill George Bay Fort Ann Kingsbury Hadley Glens Fall Hope, Conklingv He Hopefallsdaga A Norteandaga R Ville?

Bacandag Parko l Stratford Cranberry Cr. o Gray Cold Brook oland Norway Fairh Emmonsburg Salisbury Dolgeville F Pinelake Mayfield U Gloversville ERIE Herkimer ittle Rockwood Utica Hartford Clayville.

Chitteille Cen. Sauquoit o Fayetteville tenang Manlius Oran Munnsvilled Marcellus LOR RONONDAGA Rose Hill Marietta N Casenduid Cazenovia Pomper Morrisville Madison Ilion CANALD Mohawk م 3 Hampton Radeville Mid Granville Hartford 4 Z Smiths Basin Luzerne Sandy Hill Corinth Fort Edwardo Argyle Moses U Campbell Batchellerville Gansevoorto Porter Cors SARATOGA Middle Grove Greenfield Cen EGalwayo Broadalbin S.Dansville alls Johnstown St. Johns: Ephratahニーニunter Mohaw Villa Fondao EU o Cassville Jordanville S Columbia Oriskany Falls Bridgewas! Cedarville Stockwell W Winfiel Otisco Delphi Falls MADIS Vespero 0 o Apulia Sta.

Tully 6 Randall Fort Plain Canajoharie Salt Spring Saratoga Sprs.

Howard Pointed Rathbone Thomson Saratoga L.

Belcher Cossayuna Z. Manchester Salem Shushan Jasper Troupsburg Ballston Spa Wayville Johnsonville Hposick Mechanicsville Almond Andover Vellsville Clifton Pko Melrose Amsterdam. ville Minsville Fulton Pattersonville R..

MONTGOMERY Schenectady Crescent o Ames Esperance W. Exeter Schuyler L. Sharon Spr. Argusville.

Sheds Lebanon E. Hamilton Ville Schuyler Lake Otsege Lohe De Ruyter Cuyler Borodino Union Owasco Bromleyon Dake Orasco Tula Venice Cen Scott Preble Moravia Little York Locke CORTLAND E. Homer Homer o McGraw B Dresden Willard (Poplarridge, • Cayuga Rushville Bellona Potter Seneca Middlesex Penn Yan Bluff Point Lake Ovid ES Himrod Bristol stol Webster Sprs.

Springwater Naples YAT Branchport Plains N.Cohocton Chester Washington Covert Sheldrake Atwater Interlaken Lake N.Lansing Taughannock Groton Starkey o rumansburgo o Falls Freeville Jacksonville Mecklenburg TOMPKINS Dryden' Harrison Roch Avoca Urbane Tronad Kanon Hammondsport poS CHUYLER Enfield Perkinsville taga S. Dansville Arkport Howard o Almond Angelica Hornell Alfred Sta LLEGANY Canisteo Adrian Alfredo Belmont Belfast Black CATTARAUGUScreeko AL New Albion Ripley Dewittyville Sinclairvillko CHAUTAUQUA Conowango Val Chautauqua Chautariqua Kennedy Sherman Findley Take French Or.

P Bemus Point Stow Ashville Panama Watts o NeClymer Corry W.Valley o Plato Franklinville, West Ellicottville Belvidere Dittle Valley Ischus Cuba Humphrey Friendship Salamanca of Great Valley Nile W. Clarksville Wellsville Florida Allentown Whitesville Lit.Genesee Alma Shonge Kill Buck Hinsdale Lake Falconer Steamburge wood От Flats Niobe A Randolph Red. House Tunesassa Lake Jamestown Frewsburg Onoville Busti Akeley Conewango Cr.

Allegheny 79° Carrollton Allegany Olean Weston Mills Chipmonk Limestone Z Howells Knapp Cr S B G Bolivar 78° ◎ Bath N Dundeeo LKeuka Hector Reading Cent Watkins Montour Falls hemuno Montereyb Burdett 1 • Одевва ㅇ Blodgett Mills Virgilo Georgetown Upperville O SON Richfield Sprs. S Hamilton Leonards P W. Edmeston Burlington Cooperstown Edmeston Phoenix Mills Cherry Valley Pittstown Waterford Grafton 5.Schenectady Cohoes Cropseyville Watervliet Troy W.Albany SCHENECTAL Duanesburg Houghton Sharon Carlisle Sloansy Dle Rose boom Central Br.

Cobleskill S. Valley Westford E.Worcester Richmondville Westville Worcester Garratts Hartwick ville New Lisbon Milfordo Schoharie Berne ALBANY E.Greenbush A T Hoosick Hoofick B Bennington Petersburg Berlin 8. Wynantskill Gallupville Slingerlands RENSSELAER Averillpark E.Schodack Castleton Brainard Summit Middleburg Clarksville Glenmont OTSE GO SCHOHARIE ALBANY Morris Maryland Scheneve Earlville Sherburne Lincklaen Ireland Mills New Berlin Pharsalia Chenango Lake o O Pitcher Norwich Cincinnatus CHENANGO McDonough W.Oneonta Oxford Haynes Gilbertsville Mt. Upton 8.Oxford Brisben Guilford Greene Coventry Buffalo Chenango Forks Bainbridge Sidney Cen. Woodford Tioughnioga Harford Ithaca Cen.

Newfield Brookton ord Willet PMarathon Upper Lislé Richford Killaise Holmesville W. Danby Speedsville Whitney Point Triangle Chenang Rockdale Beaver Dams daipine Willseyvilleo Pine Mill Po Savona STEUBEN Valley Campbell Curtis Coopers Plains Newark Cameron Andover Greenwood Cameron Mills Pointed Posto Rathbone Addison Rexville Genesec Jasper Woodhull Troupsburg O Swartwoo Candor ۲۵ d Berkshire 10 Nanticoke Castle Creek Tunnelo Chenango Br.

Ketelhumville Newark Valley o GA Vanetten Erin of Spencer BreesportTIO Halsey Val.

Owego New Brunswick A Lowman Barton CHEMUNG Corning Elmira Presno Caton Southport, Pine Cy Morristown Wellsburg Lindley 。 Somerslane Maine Port Crane Endicott BROOME Uniono o !

Wells Bridge Beach Sidney 10 Lo-Cooperstown Je Oneonta Davenport Cen.

Meridale Franklin Masonville Hamden b Afton Nineveh DELA N.Sanford o Barbourville R Walton A Rock Rift Apex BADOV Cadosia Binghamton Sanford Port Deposit Windsor Kirkwood L Chemung Nichols Traceycreek Hancock A A N 77° Longitude West 76° from E Eminence Jefferson N.Blenheim Breakabe Break Rensselaervill Dormansville S. Schodack Ravena o Livingstonville Preston Hollow Westerlo Mackey Boston ON Collins Sta Collins Cen. E.Otto Qtto Davenport S.Jefferson Stamfordo Hobart S.Kortright Grand Gorge ✓✓ Prattsville م Bloom ville Bovina Roxburyo Ashland Halcottsville Cairo Valatie Stephentown Lebanon Sprs.

New Lebanon Old Chatham Canaan Coornwallville Coxsackie Kinderhook Chatham New Albion CATSKYLL Windham Athens COLUMBI Hudson Philmont Lexington GREENE New Kingstono Tannersville Catskill Claverack Hillsdate Hin ARE/GMmn Cors.

Andes Haines Falls Margaretville Pine Pine Hill redonia ne Shandaken Malden-on-Buda MOUN-T-A-IN S Big Indian Phoenicia Saugerties Tivol Hardenburg Shauctown Ro Arena De waar Union Grove ville ما Horton Fishs Eddy Cooks Falls Tordville Long Eddy Greenwich 75° Alsen Catskill Sta.

Berkshire Pass Copake Germantown Boston Cor.

Aneram Barrytown 6 Silvernails Pine Plain • Beech ford 4 Katrine ULSTERP Claryville Brodhead Kingston Rhinecliff Beaver Kill Branch Shokan W. Hurley Roscoe Livingston Manor o LLIVAN Parksville F Sundown o Red Hoo Milan Rhinebeck Shekomekor S Pittsfield S Housatonic R.

W 43 5 6 0 Canaan 42 Millerton CO N DUTCHESS, Samsonville 74° Staatsburg Amenla G Copyright, L. L. Poates Eng, Co. 1921 NEW YORK NEW YORK sheet of water and is a noted resort. Agriculture is carried on to a large ex- The central portion of the State has an tent, New York being one of the leading extensive lake system, containing Seneca, daigua lakes. The Adirondack region is full of lakes, including Long, Schroon, Upper and Lower Saranac, Placid, and Raquette. Chautauqua, in the S. W., agricultural States in the Union. The chief agricultural crops in 1919 were as follows: corn, 35,260,000 bushels, valued at $58,532,000; oats, 29,580,000 bushels, 6,539,000 tons, valued at $134,870,000; and Saratoga and Otsego in the E. are beans, 1,450,000 bushels, valued at $7,- 105,000; potatoes, 39,567,000 bushels, and Saratoga and Otsego in the E. are 6,539,000 tons, valued at $134,870,000; among the many pleasure resorts. The beans, 1,450,000 bushels, valued at $7,waterfalls in the State are numerous, and include Niagara Falls, Trenton the State ranks first in the production and include Niagara Falls, Trenton Falls, Genesee Falls, Portage, Taghkanie, and those near Ithaca, and in Watkins Glen. There are many large islands, Manhattan, containing the greater part of New York City, Long Island, Staten Island, Coney Island, and Fire Island are on the S. Shore; and the St. Lawrence river contains over 700 small islands belonging to New York.

The entire State is noted for its scenery; the Palisades, Highlands, and Catskills on the Hudson, Lake George, and Lake Champlain, the islands in the St. Law- Champlain, the islands in the St. Lawland lakes, and glens, all abound in historical traditions and are of great in land lakes, and glens, all abound in his- torical traditions and are of great inare New York, on New York Bay; Dunare New York, on New York Bay; Dunkirk and Buffalo on Lake Erie; Tona- Genesee, Sodus, Oswego, Sacketts Harbor, and Cape Vincent on Lake Ontario; the St. Lawrence; Ogdensburg bor, and Cape Vincent on Lake Ontario; hall, on Lake Champlain; and Sag Harbor on the E. end of Long Island. on valued at $57,372,000. Much attention is paid to dairy and market farming, and the State ranks first in the production of buttre and milk. among the first of the States in the proamong the first of the States in the production of iron ore. In 1918 there were shipped from the iron mines of the State 889,970 long tons of iron ore, valued at 889 $5,802,807. The value of the clay products amounts to over $12,000,000 an- $5 lly. Salt is an important mineral nually product. Over 2,000,000 tons are produced annually with a value of about $6,000,000. The value of the cement Other important mineral products are products is about $7,000,000 annually. and gravel. The total value of the was $52,123,552. mineral production of the State in 1917 gravel. The total value of the Manufactures. The river systems with their extensive water power, the proximity of the Pennsylvania coal fields, make New York one of the most prom- inent manufacturing States. The foland the facilities for transportation Geology. Nearly all the geological inent manufacturing States. formations are present in New York. lowing figures relate to the census of The Archæan is represented in the Adi- 1914. Number of establishments, 48,203; formations are present in New York. wage earners, 1,057,857; capital in- Hudson by gneisses and granites. The vested, $3,334,278,000; amount paid for Palæozoic constitutes four-fifths the materials, $2,108,607,000; value of prodarea of the State and is represented by ucts, $3,814,661,000. Niagara Falls gives schists, slates, and metamorphosed rocks in the E. and by massive sandstones in the Catskills. The Palæozoic is represented by the Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian periods. The Triassic and Jurassic are represented by Newark sandstones and shales, in Rockland county; and the Pleistocene, by glacial drift, and lacustrinea and estuarine clays covering a great part of the State.

The Pleistocene ice sheet covered the entire State and is responsible for many of the details of topography. enormous power which is turned into of aluminum, caborundum, and maelectricity and used in the manufacture chinery. Schenectady is famous for its locomotives and electrical apparatus, for its car shops, Oswego for flour mills, for bricks, Rochester for optical Kingston for hydraulic cement, Haverstraw for New York ork City, Buffalo, Utica, Albany, goods, Syracuse for salt, and Brooklyn, Island City for general manufactures.

The principal articles of manufacture Soil and Productions. - About one-half include cotton, woolen, and silk goods, the area of the State is adapted to cul- boots and shoes, clothing, tobacco, tivation. The principal forest trees are liquors, foundry and machine shop prodthe maple, oak, pine, elm, hickory, beech, ucts, paper, flour and grist, locomotives, birch, ash, hemlock, spruce, cedar, electrical goods, machinery, furniture, poplar, willow, whitewood, wh chestnut, household and agricultural implements, basswood, butternut, sycamore, locust, toys and novelties, leather goods, and the maple, oak, pine, elm, hickory, beech, birch, ash, hemlock, spruce, cedar, toys and novelties, leather goods, and 1 NEW YORK

Banking. On Oct. 31, 1919, there were reported 485 National banks in operation, with an aggregate capital stock of $179,125,000; outstanding circulation, $71,646,134; and United States bonds and deposits, $76,302,400. There were also 210 State banks, with $39,603,- 000 in capital, $61,911,000 in surplus; $5,000, and $1,270,298 in resources; 89 private ; banks, with $1,521,000 in capital, $2,868- 000 in surplus, and $23,358,000 in resources; 141 mutual and stock savings banks, with $2,179,034,000 in savings deposits, $181,127,000 in surplus, and $2,367,040,000 in resources; and 101 loan and trust companies, with $136,043,000 in capital, $206,490,000 in surplus, and $3,654,027,000 in resources. The exchanges at the various clearing houses in the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, were as follows: New York, $214,703,444,000; Buffalo, $1,429,378,000; Rochester, $454, 421,000; and Albany, $252,248,000.

Education. The total school population of the State in 1918 and 1919 was 2,386,836. There were registered in the public schools 1,672,311 pupils. The average attendance was 1,310,826. The total expenditures for public schools during that year amounted to $92,334,179, and the receipts to $133,833,419. The principal colleges include Columbia University, New York University, Manhattan College, College of the City of New York, and St. Francis Xavier College in New York City; Hobart College at Geneva; University of Buffalo at Buffalo; Cornell University at Ithaca, Union College at Sch Schenectady; Syracuse University at Syracuse; University of Rochester at Rochester; Hamilton College at Clinton; and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy. The women's colleges include Vassar College at Poughkeepsie; Barnard College at New York City; Wells College at Aurora; Elmira College at Elmira; and Teachers' College at New York City. Churches. The strongest denominations in the State are the Roman Catholic, Methodist Episcopal, Regular Baptist, Prostestant Episcopal, Reformed Jewish, Congregational, Lutheran General Council, and Lutheran Synodical Conference.

Railways. The total railway mileage of the State in 1919 was about 8,500.

The roads having the longest mileage are the New York Central, the Erie, the Delaware and Hudson, and the Lehigh Valley.

Finances. The assessed value of real and personal property in the State in 1919 was $12,758,021,934. The direct taxes levied in that year amounted to $13,523,503. The ordinary receipts NEW YORK amounted to $80,408,634, and the ordi nary expenditures to $78,941,313. The excess receipts over the expenditures was $1,492,232.

Charities and Corrections. - Among the most important charitable and correctional institutions in the State are the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Bath, Boys' Reformatory at Elmira, House of Refuge at Randalls Island, Institution for Feeble-Minded at Syracuse, Craig Colony Colony for Epileptics at Sonyea, Reformatory for Women at Bedford Hills. The total cost for the support of charitable and correctional institutions in the State is about $3,000,000 annually.

State Government. The governor is elected for a term of two years, and receives a salary of $10,000 per annum. Legislative sessions are held annually, commencing on the first Wednesday in January, and the length of the session is unlimited. The Legislature has 51 members in the Senate and 150 in the House. There are 43 Representatives in Congress. In 1920 the governor was a Democrat, and the Legislature Republican. History. The first explorations of New York were made by Champlain and Henry Hudson in 1609, Champlain coming down from Canada, as far as the lake which bears his name, and Hudson, discovering New York Bay, and sailing up the Hudson river. The region surrounding the Hudson was claimed by the Dutch who called the place New Netherlands, sending out numerous colonists, who explored the country along the Hudson and Long Island Sound, and founded trading posts at Fort Orange (now Albany), and at New Amsterdam, on Manhattan Island, the latter the present city of New York. The Dutch settlements were invaded by the English from Connecticut, and by the Swedes in Delaware. The E.glish claimed New Netherlands as part of Virginia, priorly discovered by Cabot, and Charles II., in 1664, granted a charter of all the lands lying between the Hudson and the Dela ware to his brother, the Duke of York.

In August of the the same year the whole country passed into the possession of the English, who gave the name of New York to New Amsterdam, and that of Albany to Fort Orange. When the Duke of York ascended the English throne as James II., the government became an appendage to the crown, and was administered by viceroys bearing the title of governor. In 1684 Governor Dongan concluded an offensive and defensive treaty with the Indians; and from that time forward the English became their allies and fast friends. The peace of Ryswick in 1697, terminating the war NEW YORK BARGE CANAL 447 NEW YORK between England and France, Count the head of Lake Champlain and tapping Frontenac, the French governor of Can- the eastern terminus of the Erie, and ada at the time, directed his force the Cayuga and Seneca, which extends against the Five Nations. This pro- from the Erie to the lakes of those ceeding was frustrated by the English governor of the province, who supported the Indians. The great conflict between England and France to decide the sovereignty of America broke out in 1754. In 1756, the French destroyed Oswego; and, in the following year, Fort William Henry capitulated to the French, when the English garrison was massacred by the Indian allies of the victors. In 1758 General Abercrombie was defeated at Ticonderoga, and Colonel Bradstreet took Fort Frontenac. In 1759 Niagara surrendered to General Prideaux and Sir William Johnson, and Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned, leaving no French troops within the limits of the colony. In 1775 the Revolutionary War broke out, and in February, 1776, an American force took possession of New York City, which they held till the defeat at Long Island in August. In 1783 New York City was evacuated by the British. The first constitution of the State was adopted in 1777, and was successively revised in 1801, 1821, 1846, 1877. In 1788 New York adopted the Federal Constitution. The National Government was first located in New York City, which was the State capital till 1797. During the War of 1812 important events took place on the N. boundary, along Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, and on Lake Champlain. Slavery was abolished in 1817. Steamboat navigation was begun on the Hudson in 1807, and in 1825 the Erie Canal was completed from the Lakes to the Hudson.

New York took an active part in the Civil War, supplying large numbers of troops to the army. Since the close of the war rapid steps of progress have been made, and the State has attained a position which gives it a fair claim to the title of Empire State.