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New York Barge Canal

a gigantic engineering construction, which connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. The term canal is employed in a more extended sense than usual, as it includes not only the artificially created waterway, but the intervening lakes and rivers which are utilized as links in the system.

There are four main branches of the canal, the largest or Erie branch, which, starting at Buffalo, extends across New York State until it joins the Hudson; the Oswego branch which extends from midway on the line of the Erie to Lake Ontario; the Champlain, running from names.

The Barge Canal is really an enormous development of the old Erie Canal, the usefulness of which had been steadily dwindling because of its lack of adaptation to the demands of modern commerce. Various measures for its improvement proved simply makeshifts. The locks, for instance, were lengthened in 1884, but this measure was inadequate to solve the problem. The first radical step in the line of recasting the whole system was taken in 1894, by an article of the Constitutional Convention held in that year, submitting to the people a proposition for its enlargement. It was found, however, that this was like sewing sewing new cloth on an old garment, and in 1900 the whole matter was taken up in earnest, and after overcoming determined opposition an expenditure of $101,000,000 for the canal was authorized in 1903 by a popular vote. Actual construction was not under way, however, until 1905, and in the interval since that date many additional millions have been required to bring the work to completion.

The entire length of the Barge Canal is 801.3 miles. Of this, 358.7 miles is made up of the lakes and rivers along its course, and 442.6 miles represent artificial construction. The dimensions of the canal, although the minimum size is fixed by law, vary considerably. The artificial channel is 75 feet wide at bottom and 123 to 171 feet wide at the surface. The width is from 150 to 200 feet in the natural waterways. depth is 12 feet.

The The operation of the locks is electrical. The locks are built of concrete, both sides and floor, except where natural rock makes this unnecessary. Terminal and dockage facilities are located at more than fifty points along the canal, and legislation has been adopted that secures connection at desired places between the canal and adjacent railway lines. How important this gigantic waterway promises to prove to the public is indicated by the fact that threefourths of the population of the State, whose products demand tr demand transportation, live within half an hour's walk of the Barge Canal system. The total cost exceeds $140,000,000. NEW YORK, a city in southern New York; coextensive with New York, Bronx, Kings, Queens, and Richmond counties; on New York Bay, the Hudson and East rivers, Long Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean; the first city in the United NEW YORK States in population and commercial importance, second in the world in population, and first in commercial importance; connected with all parts of the world by railroads and steamship lines; 232 miles S. W. of Boston, 915 miles E. of Chicago, and 226 miles N E. of Washington; area, 326.9 square miles; pop. (1890) 2.507,414; (1900) 3,437,202; (1910) 4,- 776,883; (1920) 5,620,048.

Topography. The city is divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, consisting of Manhattan Island, Governor's Island, Bedloe's Island, Ellis Island, Blackwell's Island, Randall's Island, Ward's Island, and Oyster Island; Bronx, consisting of all that portion of the city lying N. or E. of the Harlem river, between the Hudson and the East rivers and Long Island Sound, including City, Traver's, Hart's and Riker's Islands; Brooklyn, consisting of the former city of Brooklyn, and all of King's county; Queens, including the present county of that name; and Richmond, consisting of Staten Island. The main body of the city, situated on Manhattan Island, is bounded by Spuyten Duyvil creek, and the Harlem river, separating it from the mainland of the State, the East river, New York Bay, and the Hudson river. The island was originally very rough, with a rocky ridge running from the S. extremity, N. and branching into several spurs. These unite at a distance of several miles, culminating in Washington Heights, 230 feet above the water, and in a bold promontory 130 feet high in the extreme N. In the S. the surface consisted of many places of alluvial sand deposits and swamps. The original surface is disappearing by the constant grading and filling in, by the improvement of old, and construction of new streets.

Street Plan. At the S. end of Manhattan Island is the Battery, a park of 21 acres having a fine water front. Running N. from the Battery is Broadway, the principal business street. At 10th street, Broadway turns N. W., and finally merges into 11th avenue. The streets in the S. part of the city are narrow, crooked and irregularly laid out, but, beginning with 13th street, they become regular, crossing each other at right angles; the cross streets are numbered, as are also most of the avenues running N. and S.

Parks. The public parks of New York City are very numerous and well kept.

The total acreage of parks in 1920 was 7,807, distributed as follows: 1,487 in Manhattan, 3,929 in the Bronx, 1,300 in Brooklyn, 1,175 in Queens, and 63 in Richmond. The larger parks are, Central Park, 840 acres, in Manhattan; Bronx Park, 719 acres, and Van Cort- NEW YORK landt Park, 1,132 acres, in the Bronx, and Prospect Park, in BROOKLYN (q. v.).

Central Park contains about 30 buildings, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the old United States Arsenal; two extensive reservoirs, numerous lakes, and children's playgrounds. The Bronx Park contains a botanical garden, and a large reservation, used as a zoölogical garden. Van Cortlandt Park is an extensive stretch of rural country, containing a large skating pond, baseball fields, golf links, and a militia parade ground. The numerous other parks, scattered about the city include, City Hall Park, containing the Postoffice and City Hall; Riverside Park, extending several miles along the Hudson river and containing the tomb of General Grant, and Morningside Park, situated on a high ridge E. of Riverside and adjoining the buildings of Columbia University, the new cathedral of St.

John the Divine, and St. Luke's Hospital. Parkways connect Van Cortlandt Park with Bronx Park, Pelham Bay Park and Crotona Park. In Brooklyn, Ocean Parkway_extends from Prospect Park to Coney Island. The Speedway, a public road for fast driving, 100 feet wide, extends for a distance of two miles along the foot of the bluff on the W. bank of the Harlem river.

Notable Buildings. Among the public buildings is the City Hall, 216 by 105 feet, and three stories high, a marble edifice in the Italian style, completed in 1812 at a cost of $500,000. In the rear of the City Hall is the Court House and to the east the Municipal Building. The City Prison and Hall of Records are noted for their fine architecture. New York is noted for the number and height of its office buildings. Among the more prominent of these are the Woolworth Building, 792 feet; Metropolitan Life Insurance Building, 700 feet; Singer Building, 612 feet; Municipal Building, 560 feet; Adams Building, American Bank Note Building, American Express Building, American Surety Building, Bankers' Trust Building, Biltmore Hotel, Candler Building, City Investing Building, Columbia Trust Company, Equitable Building, Hanover National Bank Building, Liberty Tower, McAlpin Hotel, Park Row Building, Pulitzer Building, St. Paul Building, Times Building, Western Union Building, Whitehall Building, World's Tower, all over 300 feet high.

New York is also noted for the number and magnificence of its hotels. Among the most prominent are the Ambassador, Astor, Belmont, Biltmore, Brevoort, Chatham, Commodore, Gotham, McAlpin, Majestic, Murray Hill, Nether- NEW YORK land, Park Avenue, Pennsylvania, Plaza, are among the more prominent churches Prince George, Ritz-Carlton, St. Regis, Savoy, Vanderbilt, Waldorf-Astoria, and many others. There are also many so- called apartment hotels, combining the features of apartment houses and hotels. The Bossert, St. George, and Margaret, features of apartment houses and hotels. in Brooklyn, are also famous. Some of NEW YORK are among the more prominent churches in the city. among The hospitals in New York are among the finest in the world. In the various boroughs there are about 200 hospitals and dispensaries, prominent which are Bellevue, Hahnemann, New York Homeopathic, New York Polyclinic, Roosevelt, New York, Presbyterian, and St. Luke's Hospital. There are some 175 board has the care and control of all olent societies. in Brook Brooklyn, are also famous. Some of the more important clubs are the Aero, Education. The department of educa- Aldine, Army and Navy, Automobile, Bankers, Calumet, Catholic, City, Colony, Columbia University, Engineers, Harmonie, Harvard, India House, Inproperty of the city used for school purposes, and supervises the various ex- ecutive officers of the department. The Lambs, Lawyers, Lotos, Metropolitan, bers appointed by the mayor. New York, New York Athletic, New York Yacht, Press, Princeton, Progress, Rac- New York, New York Athletic, New York quet and Tennis, Railroad, Rocky Mountain, St. Nicholas, Salmagundi, Three Arts, Union, Union League, University, Whitehall, and Yale in Manhattan, and the Crescent Athletic, Hamilton, and Montauk Clubs in Brooklyn.

There are over 100 theaters and music halls in the city, including the Metropolitan Opera House, the Manhattan Opera House, the Carnegie Music Hall, and Madison Square Garden.

This Municipal Improvements. The city is lighted by gas and electricity at a cost of over $3,000,000 per year. The waterworks system, owned by the city, cost $330,175,000, and has a capacity of 955,- 000,000 gallons per day, and an average consumption of 616,000,000 gallons. There are 3,543 miles of streets, of which 2,226 miles are paved; 2,290 miles of sewers; and 3,003 miles of water mains. The annual cost of cleaning There are 3,543 miles of streets, of York, Teachers' College, Brooklyn Poly- $6,700,000; of maintaining fire depart- Francis College, St. John's College in ment, $8,640,000; and police, almost 、$20,000,000. The city government is maintained at a cost of $246,190,000 per annum, and the annual death rate is 12.4 per 1,000.

Churches and Charities. In 1920 there $20,000,000. The city government is maintained at a cost of $246,190,000 per annum, and the annual death rate is nations in the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, including Roman Catholic, Protestant Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Jewish, Lutheran, Reformed, Congregational, and many other denominations. The Reformed Church is the oldest in the city, and dates from 1628. The Protestant Episcopal is next in age, and Trinity Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Jew- ish, Lutheran, Reformed, Congregational, and many other denominations. The taining several chapels; St. Paul's, St.

John's, Trinity Chapel, St. Chrysostom's, St. Augustine's, St, St Agnes, etc. The first Presbyterian Church was founded in 1719 in Wall street, and is now at is the oldest and wealthiest parish, main- taining several chapels; St. Paul's, St. estant Epicopal Cathedral on Morningside Heights and the Roman Catholic Cafirst Presbyterian Church was founded board has the care and control of all property of the city used for school purposes, and supervises the various executive officers of the department. The board, conducting the business of the de- Board of Education appoints a City Superintendent for a term of six years. He is the chief executive officer of the partment in accordance with its regulateachers 21,853. There were about 550 tions. At the end of the school year 1919-1920 the enrolment in public schools was 908,467; and the number of over $42,500,000. For higher education public school buildings and the annual cost of maintaining public schools was there were 25 public high schools, many private secondary schools, the College of the City of New York, the College of St. Francis Xavier, Columbia Univerthe City of New York, the College of St. Francis Xavier, Columbia University, Manhattan College, New York University, Fordham University at Fordham, Normal College of the City of New Francis College, St. John's College in York, Teachers' College, Brooklyn Poly- Br lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Co- Barnard College, Union Theological Seminary, General Theological Seminary, etc. The medical schools are the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York University cal School, New York Homeopathic Med- Medical College, New York University Medical School, Cornell University Mediical College, New York Medical College for Women, and the Post Graduate Medical School. There are also the New York Dental College and the New York also numerous schools of College of Pharmacy. The art schools include the Art Students' League, the Academy of Design, the art school of Cooper Union, and many private schools.

There music. are Cooper Union, and many private schools. There are also numerous schools of consolidated in ries of the city are very extensive. The Astor Library in Lafayette place, the Lenox Library in Fifth avenue, and the Tilden Library were 1901, under the title of New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden NEW YORK Foundations. This library stands upon the site of the old reservoir at Fifth avenue and 42d street, and has over 2,500,000 books. Among the many other libraries of importance are the Mercantile, Society, Apprentices', Cooper Union, Columbia University, New York City, New York Historical Society, and the Brooklyn libraries. There are law libraries in the postoffice building, at the Bar Association, at the Equitable Life Insurance Company, the New York Law Institute Library, etc. In 1901 Mr. Andrew Carnegie presented the city with $5,200,000 for the purpose of erecting libraries. This gift is to be used for the erection of 65 branch library buildings in various parts of the city. In 1920 there were about 100 daily newspapers, including morning, evening, and Sunday editions, and many hundred weekly, monthly, and quarterly periodicals of every kind.

Banking. On Sept. Sept. 12, 1919, there were reported 36 National banks, with $133,700,000 capital; many State banks; over 50 savings banks, with over $

1,500,- 000,000 in savings deposits; numerous safe deposit companies and trust companies. The exchanges at the United States clearing house in New York City, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1920, aggregated $252,338,249,000; an increase over those of the preceding year of $37,- 634,000,000. There is a Federal Reserve Bank with 47 members.

Commerce. The imports of merchandise at the port of New York, during the year ending June, 1920, aggregated in value $2,904,648,933; exports, $3,383,- 638,588. Over one-half the import, and almost one-half the export trade of the United States, is carried on through this port. New York has steamship communications with the entire civilized world, with over 100 steamship lines. The city is connected with the W. of the United States by several trunk line railroads, including the Erie, Lackawanna, Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, and New York Central; and with the Great Lakes district by the Hudson river and Erie canal for eight months of the year. About three-fourths of the immigrants entering the United States land at New York, the immigrant station at Ellis Island having accommodations for 10,000 per day.

There are numerous exchanges in the city, the largest being the Produce Exchange, the largest in the world. It was organized in 1861 and has a limited membership of 3,000. Other exchanges are the Stock Exchange, Maritime Exchange, Consolidated, Cotton, Metal and Mercantile Exchanges. The New York Chamber of Commerce, chartered in 1770, is the oldest commercial corporation in the NEW YORK country and has a membership of about 800.

Transportation. - New York City has upward of 100 street railway lines equipped with electricity. The elevated railways in Manhattan and the Bronx are united under one management, the Manhattan Railway Company, controlled by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, with four lines running N. and S. There are several elevated lines in Brooklyn, all under the Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company. Four of these begin at the bridge. In recent years the subway system, in Manhattan and Bronx as well as in Brooklyn, has been greatly extended, and in 1920 the Interborough Subway lines alone carried over 586,000,000 passengers. The subway system was built partly with public funds and is operated by the Interborough and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit companies. In spite of its tremendous expansion it is still insufficient for the needs of the city, and partly as a result of war conditions its financial condition in recent years has been insecure and unsatisfactory. The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. went into the hands of a receiver in 1918, and the majority of the surface lines in Manhattan, all those operated by the New York Railways Company, met a like fate. and "L" tracks in the city, of which 361 There are over 600 miles of subway miles are Interborough lines, and 258 are Brooklyn Rapid Transit lines. The Interborough subway roads total 222 miles; the Manhattan "L" system, 139 miles. The Interborough subway roads have cost over $300,000,000; the Brooklyn Rapid Transit subway roads over $193,000,000. The Interborough's share of the cost has been over $148,000,000, including $48,000,000 the company spent on the first East river tubes and the extension to Flatbush and Atlantic avenues, Brooklyn. The city has put up the rest of the cost of the Interborough subways. Of the cost of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit subways the company has borne over $69,000,000; the city, over $124,000,000. Under the dual system of rapid transit all of the lines operated by the Interborough and the Consolidated Railroad Co. (the latter a Brooklyn Rapid Transit subsidiary), including the first subway and the elevated lines of the two systems are combined in two great operating units covering four of the five boroughs. Each company has lines which operate through the so-called community center of the city, namely the section of Manhattan Island below 59th street. New York's original subway, operated by the Interborough, now denoted the First Subway, is an integral part of the dual system. But under the operat- NEW YORK NEW YORK ing conditions scheduled for the new debt of $1,033,878,359. The interest_on lines it will lose its identity and be 000,000. The assessed valuation of identity and be the city debt amounted to almost $50,- The assessed valuation of merged for operating purposes with other lines assigned under the dual other agreements to the Interborough. The dual system was created when the city, through the Public Service Commission, on March 19, 1913, entered into an agreement (the dual contracts) with the Interborough and the Municipal Railway Corporation (the latter a Brooklyn Rapid Transit subsidiary), providing for the construction and operation of new lines and extensions .

Electric cars connect with all the suburbs and many places on Long Island, Westchester county, and western Connecticut. There are ferry lines connecting with Brooklyn, Jersey City, Weehawken, Staten Island, Hoboken, Long Island City, and other cities and islands about the city. There are steamship lines connecting with over 140 points on the Hudson river, the Atlantic coast, Long Island, and the bay. Manhattan is united with Brooklyn by the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg bridges, Williamsburg bridges , and with Queens by the Queensboro Bridge. There is also the Hell Gate Bridge, connecting the Pennsylvania and New York, New Haven and Hudson River railroad systems. Both the Hudson and the East rivers have been tunneled, the former in connection with the Pennsylvania Railroad terminal and the Hudson and Manhattan railroad system, and the latter in connection with the Long Island Railroad and the subways to Brooklyn and Long Island City. A new tunnel for vehicular traffic between Manhattan and New Jersey is to be built. Ac- Manufactures. The manufacturing interests of New York City are extensive and varied, and are nearly as important as her commerce. cording to the last census of manucensus of manufactures (1914), New York City was the leading manufacturing center of the United States, both in respect to the number of establishments and to the value of the products. There were in 1914 almost 30,000 establishments, with an average number of wage earners exceeding 550,000 and a value of products exceeding $

2,250,000,000. The most important industries were the manufacture of clothing, printing and publishing, meat packing, the manufacture of foundry and machine shop products, tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, millinery and lace goods, fur go goods, shirts, furniture, men's furnishing goods, electrical apparatus and supplies, pianos , pia etc.

Finance. On Jan. 1, 1920, the total funded gross debt of New York City was $1,238,260,597. There was $204,382,238 in the sinking fund, leaving a net funded 000,000. 322,753 for real estate property and $362,412,780 for personal property. The Borough of Manhattan led with an assessment of over $5,000,000,000 for real estate and almost $300,000,000 for personal property; Brooklyn, with over $1,- 850,000,000 for real estate and almost $45,000,000 for personal property, being in the second place .

Government. - The first charter of Greater New York went into effect Jan. 1, 1898, but has been amended at various times since then. The present charter of the city in its main features is that of 1901, which went into effect Jan. 1, 1902. Under this charter the city is governed by a mayor, elected every four years, a comptroller, also elected every four years, and a Board of Aldermen consisting of 67 members, elected every two years. At the head of the latter body is the President of the Board of Aldermen, elected every four years. For purposes of local administration the city is divided into five boroughs, each of which having a president, elected every four years. The executive power of the city is vested in the mayor, the presidents of the boroughs, and the officers of the departments, which latter are appointed by the mayor, with the exception of the head of the department of finance, and the comptroller, an elective office.

The mayor has also the power of appointment of the Board of City Magistrates. The legislative power of the city is vested in the Board of Aldermen. The mayor has the power of veto for all ordinances and resolutions of the Board of Aldermen. There are departments of Public Markets; Plants and Structures; Fire; Police; Tenement Houses; Law; Taxes and Assessments; Health; Water Supply, Gas and Electricity; Correction; Docks and Ferries; Parks; Licenses; Street Cleaning; and Public Charity. Each of these is headed by a commissioner, appointed by the mayor.

There are also various boards, the most important of which are the Board of Education; the Board of Estimate and Apportionment; the Board of City Record; the Board of Elections; etc. History. In 1609 the Island of Manhattan was first visited by Hendrik Hudson, who ascended the river which bears his name. In 1613 Adrian Block, a merchant, arrived and built four houses. In 1623 a Dutch colony was established and in 1626, Peter Minuit, the governor, bought Manhattan Island from the Indians for $24 in trinkets. This colony was known as New Amsterdam, and NEW YORK COLLEGE passed into the possession of the English in 1664, and was named New York. In 1673 the town surrendered to a Dutch squadron, but was given back a year later by treaty. Sir Edmund Andros, the first English governor was overthrown in 1689, and Leisler, the leader of the progressive party usurped the government until 1691, when he was hanged for treason. There were uprisings of slaves in 1712 and 1741, but these were suppressed by cruelty. In 1765 the Stamp Act Congress met in New York City, and voted a Declaration of Rights. In 1774 a cargo of tea was sent back to England and another thrown overboard, and on April 3, 1775, the colonial assembly adjourned. The city was held by the Continental militia till Aug. 26, 1776, when forced to withdraw by the British who held the city till Nov. 25, 1783. Washington was inaugurated the first time in New York City, April 30, 1789. In 1805, the first free school was opened; in 1807 the first steamboat voyage to Albany was made, and in 1825 the Erie canal was opened.

The city was visited by a cholera epidemic in 1832, and again again in 1834, 1849, and 1854; by a disastrous fire in 1835; and a financial panic in 1837, the bread riots occurring in that year. In 1853 the Crystal Palace Industrial Exhibition took place, and in 1863 occurred the draft riot caused by the enforcement of the military draft. The city supplied the Union army with 116,382 troops for the Civil War. The Brooklyn Bridge was opened in 1883; and the Bartholdi Statue unveiled in 1886. The celebration of the centennial of Washington's inauguration took place in 1889; and the Columbian celebration in 1892 and 1893.

In 1897 a new charter was adopted consolidating New York, Brooklyn, Queens county, Staten Island, and the Bronx, as the city of Greater New York. This charter went into effect Jan. 1, 1898, and was amended by the legislature in 1901, and, in respect to certain portions, at various other times.

NEW YORK, COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF, a college maintained by the city of New York in exactly the same manner as the various State colleges are supported by the States. The State Legislature granted to the Board of Education of New York City power to establish the college in 1847, although it was called at that time the Free Academy, and was not granted the power to confer collegiate degrees until 1854.

The institution is situated on 137th Street on Washington Heights. The present buildings were erected in 1907, and together constitute one of the finest NEW YORK UNIVERSITY groups of public buildings to be found in the city. In 1911 Mr. Adolph Lewisohr gave the college a large stadium, which is used for athletic purposes and also for large public celebrations. Outside of this benefaction the college buildings were entirely paid for by the taxpayers of New York City.

The institution has no professional schools and no graduate department, but simply the arts and science course.

In this it is in marked contrast to the State University. Two degrees are granted, each in accordance with the type of course chosen by the student, either Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science. The college also maintains a preparatory school, and night schools for teachers and others who cannot attend regular college classes. In 1919 students numbered 10,763, and faculty 270. In December, 1914, Dr. Sidney E.

Mezes, President of the University of Texas, was made President of the college.