Schaffhausen
capital of the Swiss canton of the same name, on the Rhine, 25 miles N. W. of Constance, and 23 miles from Zurich. It is a place of antiquity, and has a large parish church, an academy, town library, town hall, and market house. The manufactures are machinery, iron and steel products, textiles, yarns, watches, etc. The wine raised in the neighborhood is exported.
Two bridges here, thrown across the Rhine, form a channel of communication between this town and the rest of Switzerland. The Falls of Schaffhausen form a cataract of the Rhine, 2 miles from the town, with a descent of about pletely baffled, their armies sometimes disastrously beaten by their unconquerable foe, though he began to lose ground through the long continuance of the struggle and the exhaustion it naturally brought with it. During the Crimean War he was helped by the allies, who supplied him with money and arms; but after their attacks on the Caucasian tribes with more energy, opened a road over the mountains, thus cutting off one portion of the patriots, and so compelled their submission. On April 12, 1859, Schamyl's chief stronghold, Weden, was taken after a seven weeks' siege, and his authority, except over a small band of personal followers, was wholly destroyed. For several months he was hunted from fastness to fastness, till at last (Sept. 6, 1859) he was surprised on the plateau of Gounib, and after a desperate resistance, in which his 400 followers were reduced to 47, he was captured. He was assigned a residence at Kaluga in the middle of Russia, with a pension of $5,000, and he died in Medina, Arabia, in March, 1871, having taken up his residence in Mecca the year previously. In faith he was a Sufi. tary officer; born in Bordenau, Hanover, HANN DAVID VON, a Prussian mili- SCHEFFEL 1801 he transferred his services to Prus- in Flanders of the years 1793-1795. In Hanover, and took part in the campaigns Nov. 12, 1755. He entered the army of heaviness it was given the name tung- looking mineral. Owing to its unusual sten. Occurs as a pale-colored, stony sia and was appointed director of the tary officer; born in Bordenau, Hanover, training school for Prussian officers. Five Hanover, and took part in the campaigns in Flanders of the years 1793-1795. In 1801 he transferred his services to Prussia and was appointed director of the training school for Prussian officers. Five years later he was wounded at Auerstädt and taken prisoner at Lübeck, but released in time to be present at the battle of Eylau. In 1807 he began be the great work of his life; he was put at the head of the commission for reorganizing the armies of Prussia. He reformed the army, introduced the short service (Krümper) system, created a better spirit among both officers and men, and so conmany was able to crush Napoleon at by means of this new weapon that Gerinto a national army. It was principally by means of this new weapon that Gerwas able crush Napoleon at while acting as chief of the staff of the hemia, June 28, 1813. Silesian army, and died in Prague, Bowhile acting as chief of the staff of the hemia, June 28, 1813.