Smuts
JAN CHRISTIAN, a South African soldier and statesman, born in Smuggling, in the sense of evading customs duties by dealing in contraband goods, has ceased to deserve the name of a trade in the United Kingdom. From about the close of the 17th century to nearly the middle of the 19th century the suppression of that kind of free trade by vigorous methods of prevention engaged the close attention of the inland revenue department. Free trade as a national policy has put down the smuggling trade.
Only a very small number of persons comparatively deal in contraband goods now. But when the duties on spirits were higher in England than in Scotland, Northumberland and Cumberland were haunted with smugglers. Haddington and 1870. He was educated at Victoria Col- Berwick and the Scotch counties on the lege, South Africa, and at Christ College, GENERAL JAN CHRISTIAN SMUTS SMYRNA Cambridge. He practiced law for a time in Cape Town and Johannesburg, and in 1898 was appointed State Attorney of the South African Republic. He was one of following its close, he took a leading part in the work of reconstruction and union.
He was Colonial Secretary of Transvaal in 1907. At the outbreak of the World War he commanded the forces invading German Southwest Africa and carried the operations to a complete success. He also defeated the German forces in German East Africa in 1916. In the following year he represented South Africa in the Imperial War Cabinet. He was one of the leading figures at the Peace Conference in Paris. He became Prime Minister of the UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (q. v.) upon the death of General Botha in August, 1919.
SMYRNA (Turkish, Izmer), an ancient city and seaport of Asiatic Turkey, SMYRNA (Turkish, Izmer), an anon the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the head of the gulf of the same name. The on the W. coast of Asia Minor, at the COIN OF SMYRNA Η ΙΚΕΣΙΠ appearance of the city from the sea is extremely attractive, but a closer inspecappearance of the city from the sea is mostly built of wood, are mean and fragile-looking; the streets close and filthy and filled with intolerable stenches proceeding from the sewers and drains. The city is divided into four quarters-Frank, ceeding from the sewers and drains. The city is divided into four quarters-Frank, ground, English schools, and numerous schools for Turks, Greeks, and others; all sects and faiths having complete toleration, Smyrna has been for centuries the most important place of trade in Asia Minor. The chief imports are cotton manufactures, woolen cloths, colonial goods, iron, steel, and hardware goods.
The principal exports are dried fruits (esmanufactures, woolen cloths, colonial goods, iron, steel, and hardware goods. sheep and camels' wool, rugs, madder The principal exports are dried fruits (es- The origin of Smyrna is lost in antiquity.
It laid claim to the honor of being the birthplace of Homer, and no doubt was a Greek city as early as the date assigned to the poet. It was afterward taken by the Great, became the capital of Antigo- nus and a flourishing city. During the Roman civil wars it was taken and partly In the 13th century only the ruins of its ered. It early received Christianity, and was one of the "seven churches" of Asia.
In the 13th century only the ruins of its former splendor were left; but after the Turks became masters of the country it revived. It has repeatedly suffered from earthquake. After the World War Smyrna was awarded to Greece, by whom it was occupied in 1919. Pop. about 350,000.