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Supremacy (ROYAL the supremacy)

ROYAL, the supremacy in the Church of England, as by law established, of the temporal power in all causes purely temporal, and in the temporal accidents of spiritual things. By an act of Henry VIII the king was declared to be the "only supreme Head on earth of the Church of England," though it was expressly declared that he did not "pretend to take any power from the successors of the apostles that was given them by God." In the same year (1535) Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas More were beheaded for denying the royal claim. On the accession of Elizabeth the title was kept in the background; but the supremacy of the sovereign in all causes, as well ecclesiastical as civil, was asserted. The royal supremacy was one of the main causes of the Civil War in the 17th century; it received a check at the Revolution of 1688, which enforced toleration of Nonconformity, but in the latter half of the 19th century more than one clergyman was committed to prison for disobeying the ruling of the law courts in ecclesiastical matters.

Bonar Law, Arthur James Balfour, Viscount Milner, and George Nicoll Barnes.

Representing France, Georges Clemenceau, French premier; Stephen Pichon, Louis-Lucien Klotz, André Tardieu and Jules Cambon.

Representing Italy, Vittorio Orlando, Italian Premier, Baron Sonnino, and Antonio Salandra.

Representing Japan, Marquis Saionji, Baron Makino, Viscount Chinda, K. Matsui and H. Ijuin. The decisions of the Council regarding representation at the conference caused considerable dissatisfaction among the smaller nations. As an instance, Belgium, which had borne the brunt of the German attack, was allowed only two delegates, whereas Brazil, which had not actively participated in hostilities, was allowed three delegates. Because of the protest of the Belgian representatives Belgium was finally allowed the same number of delegates as Brazil. Other smaller nations likewise found cause for protest, but the Council showed itself disposed to yield in their favor and concessions were made, whereby the smaller nations were allowed joint and separate representation.

After the withdrawal of President Wilson and his party from the peace ne- SUPREME COUNCIL gotiations, the Supreme Council continued to function , largely through the premiers of the four remaining big powers.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. In accordance with the provisions of the United States Constitution there was organized in 1789 a Supreme Court, John Jay receiving the first appointment as chief justice. With him were joined as associate judges John South Carolina; James Wilson, of Pennsylvania son, of Pennsylvania; William Cushing, John Blair, of Virginia; and James ginia; and James Iredell, of North Caroheld the office till 1795, and in 1796 Oliver Ellsworth became chief justice . The latter presided over the court till in 1800 the infirmities of age compelled his resignation. Then came the long and honorable incumbency Justice John Marshall, who held the office from his appointment in 1801 to his death in 1835. This was a very notable period in the history of this court, and Judge Marshall's decisions have always been ranked as of pre-eminent ability. In 1836 the inent ability. In 1836 the appointment to the chief justiceship by by President Jackson was confirmed by the Senate, and he took his seat on , 1837, entering on his long term of 27 years. It was his celebrated decision in the case of the negro, Dred Scott, relative to the status of the slave race in America that applied the torch to that immense heap of comexplosion was the Civil War. At the death of Chief-Justice , President Lincoln appointed as his successor Salmon P. Chase, former Secretary of the Treasury, and author of most of the great financial measures and expedients by which the national credit had been preserved during the war. His official term extended to his death in 1873, and covered the period when the important issues arising from the Civil War were under adjudication. To Chief- Justice Chase fell also, by virtue of his office, the duty of presiding at the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson . In 1874 the appointment of Morrison R. Waite as chief justice was made by President Grant, and the death of this able jurist in 1888 Cleveland and the Senate the duty of selecting his successor, Melville W.

Fuller, who served until his death in 1910. Edward Douglass White, of Louisiana , associate justice, and a Democrat , was appointed his successor as chief justice cessor as chief justice.

In the formation of the Constitution of the United States it was intended that the three general departments of the G SUPREME COURT government should be of correlative rank and influence.

And the decisions of the Supreme Court , especially those rendered since the Civil War, in the construction Var, in the construction of the constitutional amendments which been of such fundamental and far reachwere made as a result of that war, have ing consequences that the value and importance of this tribunal in the United States system of government have been made more strikingly conspicuous than in regard to civil rights, interstate comever before. Its judgments , for example, merce, prohibition liquor laws, the Mormon question, the mon question, the right of Congress to paper money in time of peace, the legislation of Congress in regard to the Southern States by so- States to the Federal Government, etc., called "force bills ," the relations of the have been of the highest importance, and their influence in the future will be al- . The importance of the conservative opinion of this great national court in determining, at least final validity of all legislation and of all subordinate judicial decisions, can hardly be overestimated. The same may be said of the Supreme Bench, considered as the only immovable breakwater against the water against the unscrupulous and ram- . It is fortunate, moreover, that the offices of our chief justice and the tice and the associate judgeships are apthus removed in a great measure from the perfidy of the convention and the passion of a partisan election. The Supreme Court, at its first session in 1790, as already noted, consisted of a chief justice and 5 associates.

By successive acts of Congress the number of associate justices was increased, 6 in 1807, to 8 in 1837. and the force, passed in 1869, fixes the number tirement of supreme justices at the age at 9. The of 70 is not compulsory, but a mere personal privilege. originally en This provision was Art. III., of the United States Constituenacted April 10, 1869. Sec. 1, tion expressly provides that the judges "shall hold their offices during good bethey do not voluntarily take advantage of the foregoing provision and are not removed they are entitled to exercise the duties of their office till death. recourt of last resort in the Federal system The Supreme Court is the judicial of courts.

Washington, D. C., and any 6 justices The sessions are held in constitute a quorum.

Each judge of the court, moreover , must, at least once in 9 circuit courts in those parts of the every 2 years, attend a term in 1 of the country where those courts are held.

The judicial power of the Supreme Court Cyc-Vol. IX SUPREME COURT and of the inferior Federal courts extends to all cases in law and equity arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States is a party, and to controversies between two or more States or between citizens of different States, etc.; but not to suits against one of the States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. The Supreme Court has original jurisdistion in cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers and consuls, and when a State is a a party; but its chief jurisdiction is appellate. Thus it hears appeals from the circuit courts and from certain district courts having circuit court powers; in civil actions; where the matter in dispute exceeds $5,000, or in equity and maritime cases, $2,000. But there are some cases, as, for example, in regard to patents and copyrights, revenue laws, and civil rights, where an appeal is allowed without regard to the value in dispute.

Moreover, if decisions in the highest courts of the various States are in conlict with the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States, they may be appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court in 1920-1921 was composed of E. D. White, Louisiana, chief justice; associate justices, Joseph McKenna, California; O. W. Holmes, Massachusetts; W. R. Day, Ohio: Willis Van Devanter, Wyoming; Mahlon Pitney, New Jersey: J. C. McReynolds, Tennessee; L. D. Brandeis, Massachusetts; J. H. Clarke, Ohio.