Tower of London
the most ancient and historically the most interesting pile in the English metropolis; a mass of buildings on the N. side of the Thames, immediately to the E. of the ancient city walls, its ramparts and gates surrounded by a dry ditch in pentagonal shape; in outer circuit measuring 1,050 yards. Within this the whole of the buildings are encircled by a d double line of walls and bulwarks, in some places 40 feet high and 12 feet thick; the space between the walls being known as the outer ward, and the interior as the inner ward. The inner ward was formerly the royal quarter. The outer ward was the folks' quarter. The inner ward is defended by 12 massive and conspicuous towers, stationed at unequal disinnocent blood of many of England's in a cruel stream. bravest and most beautiful poured forth Bishop of I The first State prisoner was Flambard, cape in 1100 and fled to Normandy. The Durham, who effected his esnoble Wallace suffered a cruel imprisonment and terrible death here in 1305. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, haunts the pile like a specter. He murdered Henry VI. in the Hall Tower. The infant princes, his nephews, were smothered in the Bloody Tower; their supposed remains, found in the reign of Charles II., ence, according to tradition, was crowned now lie in Westminster Abbey. Clarby Richard in wine in the Bowyer Tower, and Hastings condemned to death in the Council Chamber. The remains of King Henry VIII.'s beheaded queens, Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard, lie in St.
TOWER OF LONDON AND BRIDGE tances, and possessing distinctive names and formations. In the center, rearing its head proudly above them all, stands the main quadrangular building and great Norman keep known as the White Tower. To the N. are the barracks, and to the N. W. the Church of St. Peter and Vincula. The entrance to the buildings is on the W. side by the Lion's Gate.
Tradition ascribes the origin of the Tower to Julius Cæsar. The White Tower was reared by William the Conqueror, probably as a secure place of shelter for himself and a menace to the turbulent citizens. It was designed by Gundulph, Bishop of Rochester, and bears a sister likeness to Rochester Castle.
For centuries the Tower was a palace, a prison, a fortress, and a court of law.
Here the Plantagenet kings held their gay tournaments, magnificent revels, and pompous religious ceremonials. Here er. cutions are associated with the reign of Peter's Church. A group of ghastly exe- Mary, prominent among which are those of Lady Jane Grey, the wise, fair, and pious "Twelfth Day queen," her consort Dudley, and her father-in-law, Northumberland. Imprisoned together in the Garden Tower, Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer searched the New Testament togethfined in the Tower which bears his name Sir Walter Raleigh was thrice conin many places. Here he wrote his "History of the World," and beguiled his solitude with chemical experiments. Sir T. Overbury was poisoned in the Tower in 1613, and Strafford was beheaded in 1641, Laud in 1645. The last of the numerous executions in the Tower, but a few of which have been mentioned, was that of Lord Lovat in 1747. The government of the Tower is vested in the Constable, usually an officer of high military す TOWER OF LONDON TOWNSEND Set" Magazine, but in 1920 became editor of McClure's Magazine. rank. In the White Tower is the Chapel of St. John, which formerly held the records, one of the finest specimens of Early Norman style. The banqueting Hall and Council Chamber adjoining is used as an armory, and is filled with 60,- 000 stands of arms, kept in perfect order and beautifully arranged. Beauchamp Tower, which was restored in 1853 by Mr. Salvin, is to the W., and the Horse Armory to the S. The latter, built in 1826, contains a gallery 150 feet long by 33 feet wide, in which are 22 equestrian figures clothed in the distinctive armor of the reigns from Edward I. to James II. A staircase from the Horse Armory leads to an ante-chamber filled with weapons and trophies taken in British struggles in the East. Queen Elizabeth's Armory in the White Tower contains arms and armor of her reign, various instruments of torture, and the block on which Lord Lovat was beheaded. The Jewel House contains several crowns, including that for the coronation of Queen Victoria (valued at £111,900), the Kohinoor diamond, and the diadems, scepters, and jewels constituting the Regalia. To the N. W. of the Tower is Tower Hill, where, till within about 150 years, stood the scaffold for the execution of traitors.